Used Emag Vsc 250 for sale (10,618)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2011, operating hours: 38,546 h, travel distance X-axis: 745 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 300 mm, spindle motor power: 18,000 W, spindle speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, total height: 3,200 mm, total width: 1,500 mm, overall weight: 7,000 kg, controller manufacturer: SIEMENS, controller model: SINUMERIK 840Dsl with integrated PLC S7-300, positioning accuracy: 1 mm, product length (max.): 3,900 mm, number of slots in tool magazine: 12, number of axes: 2, This EMAG VSC 250 vertical turning machine was manufactured in 2011. It features a Siemens SINUMERIK 840Dsl control system, a robust hydraulic 6-jaw chuck, and a flange turret with 12 tool positions. With a spindle speed up to 4500 rpm and a main spindle drive power of 28kW at 40% duty cycle, it's ideal for precise, efficient operations. For more information about this vertical turning machine, please reach out to us. Additional equipment • Hydraulic 6-jaw special chuck from EMAG with face clamping device and central lubrication • 15-inch TFT monitor • V24 interface Machine Benefits Qualitative Machine Benefits • Machine from single-shift operation • Maximum room temperature: up to 30°c • Maximum humidity: 50% • Sound pressure level: 78 db(a) • 2nd unit with yom 2014 available Technical Machine Benefits • Spindle torque: 300 nm • Vdi shaft diameter: 40 mm • Maximum speed of driven tools: 6000 rpm • Maximum torque of driven tools: 40 nm / 8. 5 kw • Coolant system standard delivery pressure: 7 bar maximum delivery pressure: 7 bar internal coolant supply pressure range: 7 bar (non-adjustable) coolant tank capacity: 360 liters • Chuck model: 6agf 260 k6 k14 • Chuck diameter: 260 mm Lsdpfx Aoy Ehckokqjrk • Chuck weight: 57 kg • Maximum clamping force for internal clamping (50 bar): 12. 8 kn • Maximum clamping force for external clamping (50 bar): 4. 2 kn Extra Information Machine still under power Dimensions Machine Depth 3900 mm Technical Specification Driven Tools Yes

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2014, travel distance X-axis: 745 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 300 mm, spindle motor power: 18,000 W, spindle speed (max.): 4,500 rpm, total height: 3,200 mm, overall weight: 7,000 kg, controller manufacturer: SIEMENS, controller model: SINUMERIK 840Dsl, number of axes: 2, This EMAG VSC 250 vertical turning machine was manufactured in 2014. It features a powerful main spindle drive with up to 28kW power at 40% duty cycle and a speed range of 0-4500 rpm. Equipped with a Siemens SINUMERIK 840Dsl control system and a robust 12-position EMAG flange turret, it ensures precise and efficient operations. Ideal for handling workpieces up to 6kg with its specialized hydraulic chuck. For more information about this vertical turning machine, please reach out to us. Additional equipment • Coolant tank capacity: 360 liters Machine Benefits Technical Machine Benefits • High working accuracy, rapid traverse speeds, high maximum speed of driven tools • Machine from single shift operation • Maximum room temperature: up to 30°c • Maximum humidity: 50% • Sound pressure level: 78db(a) Extra Information Machine still under power Technical Specification Through-spindle Coolant Yes Lrodeytfppepfx Akqok Dimensions Machine Depth 3900 mm

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2002, Machine type: CNC Lathe Manufacturer: Reinecker Karstens Kopp - EMAG Model: VSC 250 DS Serial number: M02.43446 Year of manufacture: 2002 Available immediately Ledpfx Akjkyrwweqjrk Ex site for self disassembly Optionally we can offer dismantling and loading

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, A combined vertical CNC turning and cylindrical grinding center EMAG is available. Chuck diameter: 250mm, max. swing diameter: 260mm, travel X/Z: 680mm/200mm, rapid traverse X/Z: 45m/min/30m/min, grinding spindle speed: 45000rpm, tool stations: 12, basket dimensions X/Y: 400mm/600mm, basket stack: 3. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 3200mm/1900mm/2650mm, weight: approx. 8000kg, control: Siemens 840DS, operating hours: approx. 35000h, program hours: approx. 22000h. Documentation available. An on-site inspection is possible with power. Lsdjx Dm Dzopfx Akqsrk

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2015, Technical details: turning diameter: 200 mm Lsdpsq Sc Husfx Akqsrk swing diameter: 260 mm turning height: 60 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, Article: Vertical turning and grinding centre Manufacturer: EMAG Type: VSC 250 DS Yob: 2008 Control: SIEMENS 840D Grinding spindle speed: 30,000 rpm Rotation spindle speed: 3,000 rpm Tool places turret: 12 Cooler for spindle and machine bed cooling Lsdpfx Akjia Rtdsqork Cooling lubricant - lifting station (no independent cooling lubricant supply) Chip conveyor Parts handling Air through the spindle Two clamping circuits through the spindle (air and oil) Unfortunately, the grinding spindle is defective. However, this can be overhauled in a spindle factory. Otherwise the machine is in a very good condition and fully functional. Please, contact us for getting more information and pictures on mail(at) or *

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2004, turning diameter 250 mm turning length 100 mm control SIEMENS 840 D total power requirement 35 kW weight of the machine ca. 7500 kg dimensions of the machine ca. m E M A G (Germany) Vertical CNC Controlled Hard Turning and Grinding machine with tool turret and workpiece handling System Model VSC 250 DS Year 2004 # M7 28.69324 _____ Turning Ø, max. 250 mm Turning length internal / external 100 mm Workpiece length min./max. 29 – 100 mm 6-positon tool turret Ø / swing-Ø 480/790 mm Workpiece spindle Slide travel, X / Z / stroke 680 / 400 / 200 mm Feed rate / Quick feed X/Z 45/30 m/min. Feed force X/Z 5,5/11 kN Spindle speed 4.300 / 6.000 rpm Ljdst Hxa Tepfx Akqjrk Spindle drive 28 kW Total electrical load, approx. 35 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 7,500 kg Accessories / Special Features: * CNC – Continuous Path Control SIEMENS Model 840 D, with colour monitor, graphics, menu-supervised dialogue programming, and all the usual options, cycles and subprograms, etc. * Hexagon Tool turret head with 6 tool positions (Ø 40 mm) without motorized tools posts, two positions T 3 u. T 6 equipped with grinding spindles with 42.000 rpm and with 18.000 rpm, using CBN discs resp. regular grinding tools * Workpiece handling device with WP transportation frames and circulation system and pick-up and unloading of finished parts directly through the motor spindle which is equipped with a hydraulic 3 jaws chuck make SMW Autobloc with membrane clamping and clamping control system. * MARPOSS MIDA Measuring Probe for measuring blank parts a. the finished parts * NORGREN air measuring system, hydraulic weight compensation of spindle, * Main elements of machine are temperature stabilized by a coolant system made by HYFRA * Recooler for the grinding coolant sitting on a large Coolant device consisting of SEITZ Paper Band filter and a mobile Chipconveyor, Magnetic separator, Centrallubrication, etc. Vertical CNC lathes offer a thermo-resistant construction (chips do not fall onto the machine bed),fast workpiece change times (pick-up system through the main spindle) and a ridged tool arrangement,which also allows unrelated machining work, like hard turning or grinding process on the same machine. Condition : Good. Machine can soon be inspected under power. Delivery : Ex stock, as inspected. Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2008, operating hours: 72,284 h, functionality: fully functional, feed length X-axis: 685 mm, feed length Z-axis: 200 mm, travel distance X-axis: 685 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 200 mm, chuck outer diameter: 250 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 45 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 30 m/min, total length: 3,100 mm, total height: 2,650 mm, total width: 4,000 mm, rotational speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, torque: 460 Nm, overall weight: 7,800 kg, controller model: Siemens 840D, control type: CNC control, Equipment: cooling unit, For sale is an EMAG VSC250, year of manufacture 2008. Equipped with a Siemens 840 D control system. Features: - Infeed and outfeed conveyor (O-belt) - Pneumatically operated transfer unit Ljdpfxsw Dyqdj Akqork - Stamping unit - Chip conveyor (ejection left) - Coolant system - Tool turret 12x VDI40 The machine is powered and available for inspection.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2012, Offered is a vertical turning and grinding center EMAG VSC 250 DS. The machine will be mechanically overhauled and rebuilt by EMAG. Depending on requirements, the machine can be equipped with various automation options (shuttle, O-type conveyor, L-type conveyor, turn around station) and other peripherals such as chip conveyors, coolant systems, etc. Ledpfxoh Tkdqe Akqsrk CONTROL Siemens 840Dsl TECHNICAL DATA Workpiece diameter: 250 mm Workpiece height: 100 mm X-stroke: 860 mm Z-stroke: 200 mm MAIN SPINDLE power 28 kW TOOL CARRIER EMAG wheel turret, 12x VDI 40 console with grinding spindle 18 kW, 45000 1/min Delivery time and additional equipment of the machine on request.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, total width: 2,500 mm, total length: 4,500 mm, total height: 3,200 mm, Offered is a double spindle pick up turning machine VSC 250 DUO. There are 2 nearly identical machines available. Each machine is equipped with 2 independent working spindles and 2 EMAG turrets. The machine can produce 2 identical workpieces with the same machining operation, as well as one workpiece in two successive machining operations. The VSC 250 DUO will receive a general overhaul before delivery and gets a control upgrade to Siemens Sinumerik ONE. The machine can be equipped with other periphery (chip conveyor, coolant system, external automation, etc.), depending on requirements. COTROL Siemens Sinumerik One TECHNICAL DATA workpiece diameter: max. 250 mm workpiece height: max. 150 mm chuck diameter: 250/315 mm swing diameter: 350 mm X-stroke: 745 mm Lrsdpfor Nc Ufsx Akqok Z-stroke: 300 mm TOOL CARRIER working area 1 1x EMAG disc turrets, 12x VDI 50 without driven tools working area 2 1x EMAG disc turret, 12x VDI 50 with driven tools Price, delivery time and equipment of the machine on request.

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2007, functionality: fully functional, year of last overhaul: 2023, Offered is a VSC 250 vertical turning center, which has been mechanically and electrically overhauled by EMAG. The control system was upgrated to Siemens Sinumerik One. Depending on requirements, the machine can be equipped with various automation options (shuttle, O-type conveyor, L-type conveyor, turn around station) and other peripherals such as chip conveyors, coolant systems, etc. CONTROL Siemens Sinumerik One TECHNICAL DATA Workpiece diameter: 250 mm Workpiece height: 100 mm X-stroke: 860 mm Z-stroke: 200 mm MAIN SPINDLE power 28 kW TOOL CARRIER EMAG wheel turret, 12x VDI 40 Delivery time and additional equipment of the machine on request. Lrodpsrq Damsfx Akqsk

Condition: refurbished (used), Year of construction: 2012, Offered is a VSC 250 vertical turning center, which has been mechanically overhauled by EMAG. Lodpfxsh Ryp Ss Akqork All control components of the Siemens 840 Dsl control have been tested. Depending on requirements, the machine can be equipped with various automation options (shuttle, O-type conveyor, L-type conveyor, turn around station) and other peripherals such as chip conveyors, coolant systems, etc. CONTROL Siemens 840Dsl TECHNICAL DATA Workpiece diameter: 250 mm Workpiece height: 100 mm X-stroke: 860 mm Z-stroke: 200 mm MAIN SPINDLE power 28 kW TOOL CARRIER EMAG wheel turret, 12x VDI 40 Delivery time and additional equipment of the machine on request.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 685 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 200 mm, workpiece diameter (max.): 200 mm, workpiece height (max.): 150 mm, turning diameter over bed slide: 250 mm, The machine has been fully cleaned and newly painted! TECHNICAL DETAILS Machining Area Workpiece diameter: max. 200 mm Workpiece height: max. 150 mm Swing diameter: 250 mm Axes X-axis travel: 685 mm Z-axis travel: 200 mm Main Spindle Lsdpfx Akow Hzupoqerk Main spindle power: 28 kW Main spindle speed: max. 6,000 rpm MACHINE DETAILS Control: Siemens Powerline EQUIPMENT Round belt 1x disc turret, 12x D40

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: M250.81009, Technical characteristics: # Main Drive: * Connected Load: 400 V/50 Hz / 43 kW * Main Spindle Drive Power (100% duty cycle / 40% duty cycle): 18 kW / 28 kW * Main Spindle Torque: 300 Nm * Spindle Speed Range: 0-4500 rpm * Spindle Nose: DIN 55026-A6 # Working Area: * Rapid traverse, X-axis: 60 m/min * Rapid traverse, Z-axis: 30 m/min * Feed force, X-axis: 10 kN * Feed force, Z-axis: 10 kN # Control System: * Siemens SINUMERIK 840Dsl * 15'' TFT monitor # Working Accuracy: * Axes (X / Z): ±0.001 mm * Spindle (C-axis): ±0.01° # Tool Carrier: * EMAG Flange Turret, Generation C361 - Capto C5 * Tool shank diameter: TN340009 * Max. tool dimensions: Workpiece-dependent * Tool change times (turret / driven tool): 0.03 min / 0.04 min * Max. speed, driven tool: 6000 rpm * Max. torque, driven tool (100% duty cycle / 10% duty cycle): 15 Nm / 3.5 kW / 40 Nm / 8.5 kW # Coolant System: * Standard delivery pressure / Max. delivery pressure: 7 bar * Pressure range for internal coolant supply: 7 bar (non-adjustable) * Coolant tank capacity: 360 liters # Part Handling: * No part catcher installed. Parts are loaded and unloaded via automation. * Ambient conditions (Room temperature / Humidity): up to approx. 30°C / max. 50% * Noise levels (Sound pressure / Sound power): 78 dB(A) Ljdoxvx T Sjpfx Akqork # General Data: * Machine dimensions (L x W x H): 3900 mm x 1500 mm x 3200 mm * Machine weight: approx. 7,000 kg Main Features and Capabilities: # Vertical Design: Optimized for chip evacuation and convenient loading/unloading. # Control: Siemens SINUMERIK 840Dsl with integrated S7-300 PLC and 15'' TFT monitor. # High Precision: Positioning accuracy in X and Z axes of ±0.001 mm. # Main Spindle: High power and wide speed range. # Automated Loading/Unloading: Workpieces are handled automatically through integrated automation systems. # Driven Tools: Capability to use driven tools for extended machining, including drilling and milling operations. # Chip Conveyor # Equipped Chuck: EMB3 Expanding Mandrel (Autoblock) # Capto C5 Tool Holders on Turret (for external/internal machining, 2 units & 2 driven tools) # Tool Load Monitoring: Artis system capability available

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, travel distance X-axis: 850 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 315 mm, controller manufacturer: SIEMENS, controller model: 840D, number of axes: 3, Vertical turning machine manufactured in 2000. This EMAG VSC 400 features an X-axis travel of 850 mm and a Z-axis travel of 315 mm. It is equipped with live tools for enhanced functionality and track motion loading for efficient operation. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the EMAG VSC 400 machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. Ledpfx Aoy Enpkekqerk • Track motion loading (automation/loader) Technical Specification Driven Tools Yes

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1999, travel distance X-axis: 680 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 250 mm, controller manufacturer: SIEMENS, controller model: 840D, number of axes: 3, This 3-axis EMAG VSC 315 vertical turning machine was manufactured in 1999. It features an X-axis travel of 680 mm and a Y-axis travel of 250 mm, along with live tooling capabilities. If you are looking to get high-quality turning capabilities, consider the EMAG VSC 315 machine we have for sale. Contact us for further details. Ledoy Enntjpfx Akqsrk Technical Specification Driven Tools Yes

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2020, controller manufacturer: Siemens, controller model: 840 Dsl, _____ Description: Year of manuf. : 2020 Control : Siemens 840 Dsl Turning diam. : 140 mm Turning length : 700 mm In General: Max. workpiece diameter:140 mm Chuck diameter:250 mm Max. turning length:700 mm Track I: Tool carrier I:Tool turret (X/Z) Tool drive:9,600 rpm, 44 Nm Tool holder:BMT Number of stations:11 + 1 Part gripper X-axis:310 mm Z-axis:1,115 mm Position sensors (X/Z):Direct scales Track II: Main spindle (OP10):Travelling direct drive spindle Speed:5,000 rpm Power:33.9 kW Torque:231 Nm Chuck:Collet chuck Clamping cylinder:Hydraulic clamping cylinder Support control:Pneumatic W-axis:772 mm C-axis:0.01° Position sensor (W):Direct scale : Sub-spindle (OP20):Direct drive spindle Speed:5,000 rpm Power:33.9 kW Torque:231 Nm Chuck:2+2-jaw power chuck Clamping cylinder:Hydraulic clamping cylinder C-axis:0.01° Track III: Tool Carrier II:Tool turret (X/Y/Z) Tool drive:9,600 rpm, 44 Nm Tool holder:BMT Number of stations:11 + 1 Part gripper X-axis:310 mm Y-axis:50 mm mm) Z-axis:1,115 mm Position sensors (X/Z):Direct scales Track IV: Main spindle (OP30):Travelling motor spindle Speed:5,000 rpm Power:33.9 kW Torque:231 Nm Chuck:Collet chuck Clamping cylinder:Hydraulic clamping cylinder Support control:Pneumatic W-axis:988 mm C-axis:0.01° Position sensor (W):Direct scale : Tailstock:Fixed arrangement Quill:Hydraulic with position control Track V: Tool Carrier III:Milling/turning turret (X/Z) Tool drive:1,000 rpm, 240 Nm Ljdey A U I Iopfx Akqork Tool holder:HSK-63 Number of stations:5 + 1 Part gripper X-axis:310 mm Z-axis:1,115 mm Position sensors (X/Z):Direct scales Automation: Feed conveyor:O-type, 18 base carriers Discharge conveyor:O-type, 18 base carriers Part transfer:3 grippers on tool turret Max. workpiece diameter:140 mm Max. workpiece height:630 mm Workpiece weight:max. 20 kg Equipment: Position measurement systems:Direct (glass scales) Chip removal:Chip conveyor Workpiece measurement:Renishaw OMP Coolant supply:Internal coolant with filter, 17 bar Coolant temperature control:Immersion recooler Emulsion mist separator:Mechanical Software option I:Turning/milling operation Software option II:Automatic retraction Software option II:Sister tool management

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, travel distance X-axis: 6,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 500 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 200 mm, - Speed range: [rpm]: 6,000 - Torque: [Nm]: 480 - Max. turning diameter over bed: 290 mm - Chuck diameter: 200 mm - Turret: 12-position, VDI 40, Sauter - Driven tools: 7.8 kW - Travel: - X-axis: 550 mm - Z-axis: 200 mm - Rapid traverse (X/Z) [m/min]: 30 / 20 - Feed (X/Z): [m/min.] 11 kN Lsdpfx Aksy Em Tboqork - Features: - Left-hand chip conveyor; 300 mm wide; ejection height 800 mm - Probe; direct linear measuring system; glass scales on all axes - Heidenhain circulating pickup tape - Machine with feed belt for part loading - Specification: - Overhauled in 2007 for approx. €50,000, complete headstock replaced. - Feed unit exchanged.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2015, travel distance X-axis: 300 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 740 mm, spindle speed (max.): 5,000 rpm, total height: 3,900 mm, overall weight: 14,000 kg, product length (max.): 3,100 mm, number of axes: 2, General Data Machine weight 14000 kg Lsdpox Imr Aofx Akqork Measurements height 3900 mm Movement X-Axis Movement 300 mm Z-Axis Movement 740 mm Main Drive Number of axis 2 Spindle Speed 5000 RPM Dimensions Machine Length 3100 mm This EMAG VTC 250 Twin was manufactured in 2015. A robust vertical turning machine featuring a MINERALIT base, it handles workpieces up to 140 mm in diameter and 630 mm in length, weighing up to 20 kg. Integrated with an EMAG pick-up system and dual turrets, each with 11 tool stations. Maximum spindle speed reaches 5000 rpm, driven by a 29 kW power unit. Contact us for more information about this machine. Application Types Turning

Year of construction: 2016, condition: defective spare-parts repository (used), Offered is a VTC 250 shaft turning machine, which has four axes. Two turrets with eleven tool places each are installed in the machine. The machines were decommissioned several years ago and subsequently put into storage. As you can see in the pictures, the VTC will be sold in untested condition as spare parts carrier. The control system of the VTC 250 is no longer present in the machine. Other accessories such as chip conveyors, coolant systems or workpiece transport systems are not part of the advertisement. TECHNICAL DATA workpiece diameter: max. 100 mm workpiece height: max. 630 mm TOOL CARRIER 2x EMAG turret, each equipped with 11x VDI 40 without driven tools + 1x gripper Ljdsk Rumqepfx Akqsrk Price and delivery time of the machine after arrangement.

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2003, Two identical Emag CNC machining centers including a chip conveyor, coolant tank, various holders, jaws and a new AGW are available. Chuck diameter: 200mm, max. circulation diameter: 290mm, max. workpiece length: 140mm, speed: 6000rpm, power: 34kW, torque: 480Nm. Travel X/Z: 550mm/200mm, rapid traverse X/Y: 30m/20m/min, feed force X/Z: 11kN. Tool positions: 12, drive tool power: 7.8kW. Machine dimensions X/Y/Z: approx. 2700mm/1150mm/2800mm, weight: approx. 6500kg. Documentation available. On-site inspection is possible. Lsdpswi Tpqsfx Akqerk

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, Technical details: swing diameter: 200 mm weight of the machine ca.: 15 t Distance between tips: 832,5 mm turning length: 380 mm Lsdpfsquy Iusx Akqork with chip conveyor and belt filter press, infeed and outfeed belt 2 x 12-position revolvers *

Year of construction: 1999, condition: ready for operation (used), There are two identical Emag VSC 200 available, x-travel: 685mm, z-travel: 160mm, chuck diameter: 200mm, circumferential diameter: 290mm, connected load: 29kW, controls: SIEMENS SINUMERIK, length: 2700mm, width: 1150mm, height: 2800mm, weight: 6.5t, with documentation. Lredpfx Aem H Urhekqok

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2003, Feed diameter 250 mm Workpiece diameter max. 140 mm Workpiece length max. 700 mm Main spindle power (40% duty cycle) 38 kW Main spindle speed max. 4,000 rpm Ljdpfx Akoydfpkjqsrk Rapid traverse speed X / Z 30 / 40 m/min Tool carrier 3 x disc turret with up to 11 driven tools each, or end machining turret

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2004, functionality: fully functional, number of spindles: 2, spindle speed (max.): 6,500 rpm, travel distance X-axis: 840 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 425 mm, Auction of a production line with robot and two workpiece palletizers! TECHNICAL DETAILS X-axis travel: max. 840 mm Z-axis travel: max. 425 mm Feed diameter: max. 200 mm Spindle speed: 6,500 rpm Lrodpjyap Najfx Akqjk Workpiece palletizer capacity: 24 workpiece carriers Number of main spindles: 2 Number of tool turrets: 2 Number of tools per turret: 12 MACHINE DETAILS High-pressure pump: up to 120 bar per line Machine weight: 8,000 kg Cooling: spindle and machine bed cooling EQUIPMENT Robot M6iB Workpiece shuttle system by Heilig Automation with 2 pick-up stations High-pressure pump up to 120 bar per line Chip crusher Workpiece palletizer with a capacity for 24 workpiece carriers