Used Snow Fence for sale (1,273)

Condition: new, Catalog number: H0561 – new machine, in stock – CE certificate – Austrian production – professional – trolley on steel bars TECHNICAL DATA engine power S1 5500W (/750) voltage 400V / 50Hz table height 890mm extraction connector 100mm sliding table 3200x435mm extension table 1200x550mm max. cutting width with gauge 1300mm disc diameter 250-400mm (30) scoring blade diameter 120 x 20 x 3.2-4.2/2.2 mm rotational speed I: 3000; II: 4000; III: 5000 rpm Rotation speed of the scoring saw 8000 rpm Motor power of the scoring saw 750 W Blade tilt 0-45 ° Acoustic power level 90 dB (A) Acoustic pressure level 88.2 dB (A) Overall dimensions of the machine when unfolded L / W / H 3350 x 3600 x 900 mm Shipping dimensions 1350 x 2200 x 1170 mm Net/gross weight 930 / 1110 kg Features: - solid construction - with a large aluminum sliding table and boom, ideal for machining large elements and cutting large, heavy boards to size - cast iron work table (1100 x 700 mm) with table extension (900 x 830 mm) and table extension (610 x 600 mm) with solid steel construction – extension table (1200 x 550 mm) + cutting fence (1950 – 3300 mm) – scoring saw with separate motor – manually adjustable main saw blade angle 0°-45° (using angle indicator) – electric height adjustment of main saw blade and scoring saw Scope of delivery: LEUCO TCT main blade (Ø300 x 30 x 3.2 mm T72) LEUCO scoring saw blade (Ø120 x 20 x 3-3.8 T=2*12ES) Nlodpfxsyg Iu Io Akqea Pressure beam – option Net price: PLN 24,300 Net price: EUR 5,750 depending on price EUR 4.20 (Prices may vary with higher fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7883 TECHNICAL DATA - Max main saw blade diameter: 350mm - Max main blade diameter without scoring unit: 400mm - Max cutting height with 350mm blade: 80mm - Max cutting height with 400mm blade: 100mm - Main blade adjustable up/down - Spindle diameter: 30mm - Spindle lock - With sliding table - Cutting length on table: 2260mm - Cutting width at fence: 850mm - With side table - Main motor power: 5.5kW - Scoring unit motor: 0.75kW Nedpfx Aoyg Ibnjkqsla - Scoring blade diameter: 100mm - 4 cutting speeds: 4000/5000/6000/7500rpm - Extraction port diameter: 80mm, 120mm - Blade guard included - Dimensions (LxWxH): 2260x2900x1500mm – Weight: 722kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Germany – With scoring unit – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 8,900 PLN Net price: 2,120 EUR based on 4.2 EUR rate (Prices may vary with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7834 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum diameter of main blade without scoring unit: 400mm - Maximum blade diameter with scoring unit: 350mm - Maximum cutting height for 350mm blade: 100mm - Main blade adjustable up/down and tiltable - Large blade guard - Spindle diameter: 30mm - With sliding table - Cutting length on sliding table: 1400mm - Cutting width at fence: 1180mm - With side table - Fence on side table adjustable at an angle - With scoring unit - Maximum scoring blade diameter: 120mm - Spindle diameter: 20mm - Main blade motor power: 4kW - Scoring unit motor: 0.75kW - 2 rotation speed settings - Table dimensions: 1120x1020mm - Table dimensions with extension: 1820x1720mm Nsdpfx Aksymnmqeqjla - Extraction nozzle diameter: 130mm - Dimensions L/W/H: 3650x2150x1450mm - Weight: 720kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Poland – With scoring unit – DTR technical documentation – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 11,900 PLN Net price: 2,840 EUR (depending on the rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary with significant rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7479 Technical data: - shaft width: 410 mm - 4-knife shaft (TERSA) - noise reduction comb - shaft guard - table length: 2610 mm - longer infeed table: 1435 mm - cast iron tables - both tables adjustable - original cast iron tiltable fence - brake - extraction port diameter: 115 mm - motor: 4 kW - dimensions (LxWxH): 2610x960x1110 mm - weight: 578 kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Italy – 4-knife shaft – brake – noise reduction comb – longer infeed table – unpainted Nlsdpfoyit Apjx Akqoa – used surface planer, in very good condition, original DTR documentation Net price: 21,900 PLN Net price: 5,200 EUR (exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change depending on significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7802 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 410 mm - Table length: 2560 mm - Cast iron tables - Both tables adjustable - Original cast iron fence, angle-adjustable - Motor: 2.2 kW - Shaft guard - Extraction port diameter: 150 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2560x700x1170 mm - Weight: 695 kg ADVANTAGES – German manufacture Njdpfx Akexr Dgcjqjla – Used jointer – In very good condition Net price: 6,500 PLN Net price: 1,550 EUR depending on the exchange rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7759 TECHNICAL DATA Circular saw: - Max blade diameter: 350mm - Spindle: 30mm - Blade adjustable front/back, up/down, angle - Pneumatic movement of the saw unit front/back - Blade guard - Motor: 2.2kW I and II milling spindles: - Tenoning spindle: - Spindle diameter: 40mm Nlodpfx Aksyi Trkoqja - Spindle working height: 150mm - Spindle lock - Pneumatic movement of units front/back - Manual up/down adjustment - Max cutter diameter: 300mm - Motor approx. 7.5kW - Side sliding table – manual traverse - Table dimensions (L/W): 1000x380mm - Angle fence - Pneumatic workpiece clamp - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2600/3200 (for shipping 2200)/1540mm - Weight: 1450kg ADVANTAGES – German manufacture – 3-spindle machine – Not repainted – Very good condition – Used tenoner Net price: 13,900 PLN Net price: 3,300 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR (In the case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: new, Catalogue number: S097 ADVANTAGES – Brand-new machine, in stock – Roll width 530 mm – 4-knife planer shaft – Upper control panel – Long working tables – With noise reduction comb by the roller Nsdpfxsymd R Eo Akqela – 5.5 kW motor – Sturdy construction TECHNICAL DATA Working width: 530 mm Working table dimensions: 2900 x 540 mm Max. processing depth: 8 mm Cutterhead speed: 4700 rpm Cutterhead diameter: 125 mm Number of knives: 4 pcs Knife dimensions: 540 x 35 x 3 mm Cast iron fence dimensions: 1500 x 155 mm Motor power: 5.5 kW Suction: 160 mm Weight: 800 kg Net price: 27,000 PLN Net price: 5,960 EUR

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7003 Technical Data: - Spindle diameter: 25mm - Spindle working height: 80mm - Interchangeable spindle - Spindle locking Nljdpfx Aeymm N Dokqoa - Height adjustable (up/down) - Original cast iron fence - 2 speed options + right/left rotation - Table dimensions: 1000x800mm - Motor: 3kW - Dimensions (LxWxH): 1280x860x1100mm - Weight: 465kg Features: – Bulgarian manufacture – Very good condition – Used milling machine Net price: 5,500 PLN Net price: 1,300 EUR (based on exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may change due to fluctuations in the exchange rate)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7382 TECHNICAL DATA Tenoning carriage: - Electric feed with stepless speed adjustment - Carriage adjustable at an angle - Feed motor: 0.46 kW - Table size (L/W): 700x450mm, extendable to 1150mm - Cross fence on carriage – cutting length on extendable telescope: 1860mm - Rotary block in the fence - 2 pneumatic clamps Crosscut saw: - Max blade diameter: 380mm - Max cutting height: 110mm - Blade adjustable up/down, forward/backward, and at an angle - Blade guard - Saw motor: 2.2 kW Tenoning spindle: - Pneumatic spindle stroke - Spindle up/down and stroke adjustment via handwheels - Max tool diameter: 320mm - Spindle diameter: 40mm - Working spindle height: 220mm - Spindle lock - Motor: 7.5 kW Profiling spindle: - Pneumatic spindle stroke - Spindle up/down and stroke adjustment via handwheels - Max tool diameter: 200mm - Working spindle height: 220mm - Spindle diameter: 54mm - Spindle lock - Extendable table support - Motor: 7.5 kW Glazing bead saw: - Max blade diameter: 200mm - Blade bore: 30mm - Blade adjustable forward/backward, up/down - Blade guard - Motor: 2.2 kW Feed unit: Nledpfxoymm Nqs Akqsa - Number of rollers: 8 pcs - Motor approx. 0.55 kW - Roller size: 110x50mm - 8 feed speeds: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 m/min - Extraction port diameters: 60mm, 2x130mm, 110mm, 100mm - Operating pressure: 6-8 bar - Dimensions (L/W/H): 3600x2100x1600mm, weight approx. 2500kg FEATURES – For window production – Pneumatic spindle stroke – Carriage with electric feed – Crosscut saw – Tenoning spindle – Not repainted, used machine, in very good condition Net price: 27,900 PLN Net price: 6,640 EUR (based on the exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may change with significant currency fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7393 TECHNICAL DATA Cross-cut saw: max saw blade diameter 350mm spindle 30mm tilt/adjustable blade right/left, up/down motor 1.5kW Spindle moulder: tenoning spindle: spindle diameter 40mm spindle working height 145mm max cutter diameter 400mm Njdex Tpt Hjpfx Akqjla motor 3.7kW side carriage adjustable up/down clamp on the carriage table + fence with angle adjustment 600x400mm dimensions (L/W/H) 1700x2050x1260mm weight approx. 500kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – very good condition – used tenoning machine Net price: 7900 PLN Net price: 1880 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR (for significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7394 TECHNICAL DATA - max main blade diameter: 380mm - max cutting height: 110mm - main blade height adjustable up/down - spindle diameter: 30mm - spindle lock - with sliding table - cutting length on sliding table: 2560mm - cutting width at rip fence: 810mm - with side table - main motor: 5.5kW - table dimensions: 1250x730mm - blade guard included - overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2580x2570x1050mm Nljdpfox S I Rhjx Akqsa - weight: 780kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Used saw, very good condition Net price: 7900 PLN Net price: 1880 EUR (based on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may change with significant currency fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7541 Technical Specifications: - Maximum diameter of main saw blade (without scorer): 400mm - Maximum diameter of main saw blade (with scorer): 350mm - Blade bore diameter: 30mm - Maximum cutting height for 400mm blade: at 90 degrees – 120mm, at 45 degrees – 85mm - Maximum cutting height for 350mm blade: at 90 degrees – 95mm, at 45 degrees – 67mm - Main blade adjustable vertically and for angle - Blade guard - Equipped with side sliding table - Cutting length on sliding table: 1700mm - Cutting width on sliding table: 1400mm - Cutting width at fence: 1350mm - Main motor power: 6kW - Table dimensions: 1190x990mm - With table extension: 1880mm - With table enlargement: 1890mm - With scorer unit - Maximum scorer blade diameter: 120mm - Scorer spindle diameter: 20mm - Scorer motor power: 0.75kW - Three spindle speeds: 3500, 4500, 6000 rpm - Brake Nledpfjyaq Nhsx Akqsa - Extraction port diameter: 80, 120mm - Machine dimensions (LxWxH): 3050x2200x1600mm - Weight: 800kg ADVANTAGES – Manufactured in Poland – DTR documentation included – Blade guard – Equipped with scorer unit – With table extension and enlargement – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 15,900 PLN Net price: 3,780 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7784 TECHNICAL DATA - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Working height of spindle: 150 mm - Interchangeable spindle - Spindle locking - Adjustable up/down + angle - Original cast iron fence with full adjustment - 4 spindle speeds + left/right: 3000/5000/6000/10000 rpm - Table dimensions: 1120x800 mm - Motor: 3.7 kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1100x1400x1160 mm - Weight: 775 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Used milling machine – Very good condition Nljdpfxjyk E Rhj Akqja Net price: 6,900 PLN Net price: 1,640 EUR Net price calculated at a rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 6691 TECHNICAL DATA - spindle diameter: 25mm - spindle working height: 100mm - interchangeable spindle - spindle lock - height adjustable (up/down) - spindle support - hold-downs - original cast iron fence with full adjustment - 4 rotation speeds + reversible (right/left): 3000, 4500, 6000, 9000 rpm - table dimensions + mitre gauge: 1020x900mm - motor: 6kW - extraction port diameter: 2x120mm - dimensions (L/W/H): 1100x1070x1640mm - weight: 658kg – spindle support – mitre gauge – brake – very good condition, used milling machine Nledpfx Aksytd Rfjqsa Net price: 11,500 PLN Net price: 2,740 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR (in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7266 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 530mm - 4-knife shaft - Noise-reducing comb - Shaft guard Nljdpfxjyz Nnts Akqea - Table length: 2900mm - Longer infeed table: 1655mm - Cast iron tables - Both tables adjustable - Original adjustable cast iron fence - Brake - Extraction port diameter: 140mm - Motor: 4kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2900x1000x1210mm - Weight: 695kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – 4-knife shaft – Brake – Noise-reducing comb – Longer infeed table – Unpainted – Used jointer, in very good condition Original photos Start-up video of the machine: youtube.com/watch?v=v_3ECkLDWVI Net price: 18,900 PLN Net price: 4,500 EUR (depending on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with greater fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7606 Technical data: - Shaft width: 500mm - Number of knives: 3 pcs - Shaft guard - Table length: 2530mm - Cast iron tables - Both tables adjustable - Original cast iron fence adjustable at an angle - Motor: 3kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2530x1000x1100mm - Weight: 920kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Italy – 3-knife shaft – Used jointer – Very good condition Njdpfx Akjyg Iznsqjla Net price: 8,900 PLN Net price: 2,100 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7882 TECHNICAL DATA - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Spindle working height: 200 mm - Interchangeable spindle - Spindle lock - Height adjustable (up/down) - Cast iron fence with full adjustment - 3 spindle speeds + clockwise/counterclockwise rotation - Table dimensions: 1000 x 950 mm Nledpfx Ajyg Iaqjkqsa - Cast iron table - With side carriage: 1100 x 330 mm - Clamping device - Motor power: 3.7 kW - Brake - Extraction port diameter: 120 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1750 x 1400 x 1250 mm - Weight: 683 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – With side carriage – Used spindle moulder – In very good condition Net price: 7,900 PLN Net price: 1,880 EUR (based on 4.2 exchange rate) (Prices may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: new, Catalogue number: S 0335 - New machine, in stock - CE certificate SURFACE PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 1500 х 320 mm - Max. planing depth: 5 mm - Aluminium guide fence dimensions: 1100 x 155 mm THICKNESS PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 316 x 600 mm Nsdpfsyg Iwcjx Akqsla - Max. planing depth: 3 mm - Feed speed: 7 m/min - Material thickness: 4 - 230 mm - Motor power: 3 kW - Cutterhead speed: 5600 min⁻¹ - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1500/600/1050 mm - Weight: 315 kg * Cast iron tables with ground surface * Tables with precise adjustment for longitudinal planing * Stable aluminium fence adjustable from 90° to 45° * Cutterhead guard * Thickness planer table with central guide column and support * Power on/off without stopping the machine * Mortiser with left-hand rotation Net price: 14,500 PLN Net price: 3,440 EUR Price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7758 TECHNICAL DATA Circular Saw: - max saw blade diameter 350mm - spindle 30mm - lockable spindle - blade adjustable front/back, up/down, angle - blade guard - motor 1.1kW - extraction port diameter 80mm Milling Machine: - tenoning spindle: Nedpjyyy Dvefx Akqela - spindle diameter 40mm - spindle working height 150mm - lockable spindle - max cutter diameter 350mm - 2 spindle speeds: 3000, 4500 rpm - motor approx. 5.5kW - brake - side carriage – manual feed - carriage dimensions (L/W): 1180x600mm - mitre fence - pneumatic clamp - extraction port diameter 125mm - dimensions L/W/H: 1750/2600 (for transport: 1200)/1400mm - weight 715kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – very good condition – used tenoner Net price: 13,900 PLN Net price: 3,300 EUR (based on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may vary with significant fluctuations)

Condition: new, CATALOG NUMBER RE041 - New machine TECHNICAL DATA - Blade diameter ⌀250 – 350/30 mm - Scoring blade diameter (operation only with ⌀300, 350 mm blade) ⌀120/20 mm - Main motor power 4 kW - Scoring motor power 0.75 kW - Main spindle speed 4000 rpm - Scoring spindle speed 8800 rpm - Blade tilt 0 – 45° - Max. cutting length 2000 mm - Cutting width with rip fence 1250 mm - Riving knife ⌀350 mm - Spindle flange diameter 87.5 mm - Table fence settable at 90° – 45°, accuracy ±1° - Max. cutting height with ⌀300 mm blade: 95 mm - Max. cutting height with ⌀350 mm blade: 120 mm - Top extraction port diameter ⌀80 mm - Bottom extraction port diameter ⌀100 mm - Weight 620 kg - Machine dimensions (L/W/H) 2255x3460x1450mm Net price: 19,900 PLN Net price: 4,740 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR Nlodeyviupepfx Akqoa (In case of significant currency fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: new, CATALOG NUMBER RE036 2 axes – electric control for main saw blade lift and tilt with electronic display for height and angle, control panel integrated into the machine body – Brand new, ex-demo machine – DTR + CE documentation included – Cutting width at fence: 1300 mm – Main motor power: 6 kW TECHNICAL DATA - Saw blade tilting: 0-46° - Main motor power: 6 kW - Cutting length on sliding table: 3000 mm - Main spindle speed: 3500/4500 rpm - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Main blade diameter: 300-400 mm - Max scoring saw diameter: 125 mm - Scoring motor power: 0.75 kW - Scoring saw speed: 8500 rpm - Scoring spindle diameter: 20 mm - Cutting width at fence (standard 1050 mm): 1300 mm - Sawing width using end stops on auxiliary table: 215-3200 mm - Cutting height for 300 mm blade 90°/45°: 90/60 mm - Cutting height for 350 mm blade 90°/45°: 5-115/3.5-80 mm - Cutting height for 400 mm blade 90°/45°: 25-140/15.5-95 mm - Extraction port diameter: 80 mm, 125 mm Nsdpfx Aoyz N T Aekqsla - Dimensions (L/W/H): 3300/3460/1500 mm - Weight: 750 kg Optional equipment: – Angle fence – with aluminum bar Net price: 47,000 PLN Net price: 11,300 EUR (based on exchange rate of 4.15 EUR) (Prices may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: new, CATALOGUE NUMBER RE060 - New machine TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Saw blade diameter ⌀250 – 350/30 mm - Scoring blade diameter (works only with blades ⌀300, 350 mm) ⌀120/20 mm - Main motor power 4 kW - Scoring motor power 0.75 kW - Spindle speed 4000 rpm - Scoring spindle speed 8800 rpm - Blade tilting 0 – 45° - Max. cutting length 1600 mm - Rip fence cutting width 1250 mm - Riving knife ⌀350 mm - Spindle flange diameter 87.5 mm - Table fence set at 90° – 45° angle, accuracy ±1° - Max. cutting height with blade ⌀300 mm: 95 mm - Max. cutting height with blade ⌀350 mm: 120 mm - Upper dust extraction port diameter ⌀80 mm - Lower dust extraction port diameter ⌀100 mm - Weight 480 kg - Machine dimensions (folded) 2020x3380x1200mm Nsdpfx Akjyvivmeqsla Net price: 16000 PLN Net price: 3800 EUR Net price calculated at the exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (Price may change with larger exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7340 TECHNICAL DATA - spindle diameter: 25mm - spindle working height: 120mm - exchangeable spindle - spindle locking - height adjustable up/down - original cast iron fence with full adjustment - 4 spindle speeds + right/left rotation - table dimensions: 1030x900mm - motor: 3.8kW - overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1030x1000x1080mm - weight: 614kg Njdpfx Aksx S Ncrsqsla ADVANTAGES – manufactured in Poland – very good condition – used milling machine Net price: 6,900 PLN Net price: 1,640 EUR depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may fluctuate due to exchange rate changes)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7762 TECHNICAL DATA THICKNESSER: - shaft width: 320 mm - 3-knife planer shaft - max thickness of the processed element: 180 mm - thicknesser shaft guard - from above: – anti-kickback fingers – feed shaft, toothed – planer shaft – outfeed shaft, smooth, feed CIRCULAR SAW: - max blade diameter: 300 mm - max cutting height: 80 mm - blade bore diameter: 30 mm - adjustable blade up/down - cutting width with fence: 270 mm - table dimensions: 750x460 mm Nlodpfx Aksxhdtnjqja - fence SPINDLE MOULDER: - spindle diameter: 30 mm - adjustable spindle up/down - spindle height: 100 mm - fence - extraction port diameter: 100 mm - dimensions (LxWxH): 1700x2400x1100 mm - weight: 340 kg ADVANTAGES – Bulgarian production – Very good condition – Multi-function, used Net price: 6,900 PLN Net price: 1,640 EUR at exchange rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may vary with larger fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 6309 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS SURFACE PLANER: - shaft width: 510 mm - 3-knife cutterblock - adjustable tilting fence - table length: 1910 mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER: - max thickness of processed element: 200 mm - thicknesser cutterblock guard from above: Nlodpfoyyymkex Akqea - anti-kickback fingers - geared feed roller - planing cutterblock - smooth outfeed roller - stepless feed speed adjustment: 7–14 m/min - main motor approx. 4 kW - cutterblock speed: 3000/6000 rpm - dimensions (LxWxH): 1910x870x970 mm - weight: 780 kg – Italian manufacture – Very good condition, used machine Net price: PLN 14,500 Net price: EUR 3,450 Net price calculated at exchange rate 4.2 PLN/EUR (price may change in case of major exchange rate fluctuations)