Used Graule Notching Saw for sale (5,894)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7386 TECHNICAL DATA - max. saw blade diameter: 500mm - spindle diameter: 30mm - hydraulic clamp serves as blade guard - hydraulic blade stroke - max. cutting width: 550mm - 4 sliding rollers in the table - top feed roller, toothed and pressure type - max. cutting height (in the centre): 100mm - main motor: 5.9 kW - extraction port diameter: 100mm, 120mm - table dimensions: 700x630mm - table height from base: 830mm - infeed roller table - roller diameter: 350mm table size: - length/width: 4480x700mm - motor: 0.75kW - outfeed table (belt) - belt width: 510mm table size: Isdpfjymm Hisx Abgetf - length/width: 3130x800mm - motor: 0.75kW - machine dimensions (L/W/H): 890x910x1200mm - total weight approx.: 900kg – Infeed and outfeed table – Hydraulically adjustable blade – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 24,900 PLN Net price: 5,930 EUR based on 4.2 EUR rate (Prices may vary with greater fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7886 TECHNICAL DATA - Max blade diameter: 450mm - Blade bore diameter: 30mm - Blade guard - Height-adjustable arm (up/down) - Max cutting height: 120mm - Max cutting width: 540mm - Hydraulic saw feed - 2 infeed rollers integrated in table - Outfeed roller integrated in table - Motor: 3.7kW - Hydraulic pump motor approx. 0.55kW - Extraction nozzle diameter: 110mm - Roller width: 530mm - Machine dimensions (L/W/H): 1910x1370x1820mm - Weight: 657kg ADVANTAGES Itjdsyg Ik Nspfx Abgsf – Polish manufacture – Technical documentation (DTR) – Very good condition – Used saw Net price: 14,900 PLN Net price: 3,550 EUR (depending on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change significantly with currency fluctuations)

Condition: used, CATALOG NUMBER 7585 Technical specifications: - wheel diameter: 630 mm - table dimensions: 850x810 mm - angle-adjustable table - motor: 3 kW - max cutting height: 320 mm - band-to-frame throat: 600 mm - dust extraction port diameter: 90 mm - brake - dimensions (L/W/H): 1300x830x2050 mm - weight: 420 kg Itsdpfx Abex Tptgjgef Advantages: – Polish production – DTR documentation – very good condition – used saw Net price: 8,500 PLN Net price: 2,020 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7680 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. blade diameter: 500mm - Spindle diameter: 30mm - Hydraulic blade stroke - Max. cutting width: 500mm - Max. cutting height (in the center, with a 500mm blade): 160mm - Main motor: 4kW - Table dimensions: 715x1070mm - Table height from base: 790mm - Roller tables: 2 pcs - Table dimensions: - Infeed length/width: 2000x640mm - Outfeed length/width: 2000x640mm - Machine dimensions (L/W/H): 1400x940x1070mm - Total weight: 480kg Isdpfx Abjyg Im Regjtf ADVANTAGES – 2 roller tables – Hydraulic blade stroke – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 15,900 PLN Net price: 3,780 EUR (based on rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change due to strong fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER: 7480 Isdpfx Aeyg Ip Ejbgetf Technical data: - Track width: 360mm - Shaft width: 350mm - Max. blade diameter: 350mm - Blade bore diameter: 80mm - Max. cutting height: 120mm - Table size: 2040x1220mm From above: - Pawls - Driving/sprocket shaft - Pawls - Shaft with saw blades - Sliding, pressure shaft From below: - Rollers in front of the table, 2 pcs - Guide - Pawls - Track - Central track lubrication - Electric height adjustment of saw blade shaft - Electric height adjustment of the body - Stepless feed speed control - Extraction outlet diameter: 140mm, 160mm - Main motor: 30kW - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2600x2300x1850mm - Weight: approx. 4000kg ADVANTAGES – Czech production – Used multirip saw – Very good condition Net price: 30,900 PLN Net price: 7,360 EUR (depending on EUR exchange rate of 4.2) (Prices may change with large fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7678 TECHNICAL DATA - Guide bar length: 1670 mm Iodpfxeymd N Ij Abgstf - Cutting length: 1500 mm - Automatic lubrication of the cutting system - Damping and tensioning system in the head - Manual feed of the guide bar - Electric motor: 7.5 kW - Transport dimensions (L/W/H): 1650x900x2350 mm - Total weight: 240 kg ADVANTAGES – Austrian manufacturing – Suitable for cross-cutting packs or round timber – Unpainted – Mobile, on wheels – Used saw, very good condition Net price: 25,900 PLN Net price: 6,160 EUR depending on an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with greater fluctuations)

Condition: new, CATALOG NUMBER RE036 2 axes – electric control for main saw blade lift and tilt with electronic display for height and angle, control panel integrated into the machine body – Brand new, ex-demo machine – DTR + CE documentation included – Cutting width at fence: 1300 mm – Main motor power: 6 kW TECHNICAL DATA - Saw blade tilting: 0-46° - Main motor power: 6 kW - Cutting length on sliding table: 3000 mm - Main spindle speed: 3500/4500 rpm - Spindle diameter: 30 mm - Main blade diameter: 300-400 mm - Max scoring saw diameter: 125 mm - Scoring motor power: 0.75 kW - Scoring saw speed: 8500 rpm - Scoring spindle diameter: 20 mm - Cutting width at fence (standard 1050 mm): 1300 mm - Sawing width using end stops on auxiliary table: 215-3200 mm - Cutting height for 300 mm blade 90°/45°: 90/60 mm - Cutting height for 350 mm blade 90°/45°: 5-115/3.5-80 mm Itedpfx Absyz N T Asgsf - Cutting height for 400 mm blade 90°/45°: 25-140/15.5-95 mm - Extraction port diameter: 80 mm, 125 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 3300/3460/1500 mm - Weight: 750 kg Optional equipment: – Angle fence – with aluminum bar Net price: 47,000 PLN Net price: 11,300 EUR (based on exchange rate of 4.15 EUR) (Prices may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1999, functionality: fully functional, CATALOG NUMBER 7563 Technical data: - track width: 340mm - shaft width: 360mm - blade bore diameter: 70mm - max. blade diameter: 315mm - max. cutting height: 180mm * from above - feed shaft, toothed, pneumatically pressed - 2 rows of kickback fingers - 3 smooth pressure slip rollers - kickback fingers - shaft with saw blades - 3 smooth pressure slip rollers - kickback fingers * from below - infeed traction shaft, toothed - track - shaft with saw blades - track - stepless feed speed regulation via inverter - main motor 2x55kW - feed motor 4kW - electric lifting of upper body up/down - electric adjustment of saw blade shafts - central lubrication - extraction port diameter: 2x150mm - dimensions (L/W/H): 2800x2400x1900mm - weight approx. 5000kg ADVANTAGES – Italian production – double shaft Itsdpfxjyz Rdvo Abgof – ideal for large elements – used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 145,900 PLN Net price: 34,740 EUR based on 4.2 EUR rate (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7446 TECHNICAL DATA - Track width: 340mm - Roller width: 400mm - Max. saw blade diameter: 350mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 80mm - Max. cutting height: 120mm - Table width with clearance: 700mm - Table length: 1720mm From above: - Pawls - Metal slip pressure roller - Pawls - Metal slip pressure roller - Shaft with saw blades - Two metal slip pressure rollers From below: - Guide bar - Metal slip roller - Pawls - Track - Central lubrication - Variable feed speed adjustment 1.5kW - Main motor: 37kW - Extraction outlet diameter: 240mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1900x1750x1980mm - Weight approx.: 3000kg ADVANTAGES Itedpfoyz Tzwex Abgsf – German made – Variable speed control – Insert for short workpieces – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 79,900 PLN Net price: 19,000 EUR depending on exchange rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7959 TECHNICAL DATA - Track width: 250 mm - Shaft width: 250 mm - Maximum saw blade diameter for multi-blade saw: 350 mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 70 mm - Maximum cutting height for multi-blade saw: 120 mm - Table width with clearance: 830 mm - Table length: 1780 mm – Top section: - Kickback devices - Pressure roller, sliding, metal, smooth - Kickback devices - Pressure roller, sliding - Shaft with saw blades - Pressure roller, sliding, metal, 2 pcs – Bottom section: - Guide rail - Kickback devices - Track (caterpillar) - Electric body up/down adjustment - Manual adjustment of shaft with saw blades - Central lubrication - Infinitely variable feed speed adjustment - Feed motor 1.1 kW - Main motor 37 kW Itodsy Am Erepfx Abgsf - Extraction port diameter: 170 mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2000x1500x2000 mm - Weight: 1850 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 45,900 PLN Net price: 10,930 EUR depending on the rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with greater fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalog number 7805 TECHNICAL DATA - Track width: 340 mm - Roller width: 340 mm - Disc arbor diameter: 80 mm - Installed discs on upper shaft: 350 mm - Installed discs on lower shaft: 300 mm - Max cutting height: 200 mm - Min length of processed material: 700 mm – From above - 2 rows of kickback fingers - Smooth, slip, pressure shaft - Kickback fingers - 2 smooth, slip, pressure shafts - Saw shaft - 3 smooth pressure rollers – From below - Track conveyor - Saw shaft - Track conveyor - Infinitely variable feed speed adjustment - Main motors: 2 x approx. 55 kW Itjdpfx Ajy At Rhjbgjf - Feed motor: 3 kW - Electric up/down elevation of the main body - Manual adjustment of saw shafts - Central lubrication - Extraction port diameter: 2 x 200 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2700 x 1800 x 2150 mm - Weight: approx. 5,000 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Double-shaft design – 2 x 55 kW motors – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: 178,900 PLN Net price: 42,590 EUR (at 4.2 EUR exchange rate) (Prices subject to change with significant rate fluctuations)

Condition: new, CATALOGUE NUMBER RE060 - New machine TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Saw blade diameter ⌀250 – 350/30 mm - Scoring blade diameter (works only with blades ⌀300, 350 mm) ⌀120/20 mm - Main motor power 4 kW - Scoring motor power 0.75 kW - Spindle speed 4000 rpm - Scoring spindle speed 8800 rpm - Blade tilting 0 – 45° Iodpsyvivmsfx Abgetf - Max. cutting length 1600 mm - Rip fence cutting width 1250 mm - Riving knife ⌀350 mm - Spindle flange diameter 87.5 mm - Table fence set at 90° – 45° angle, accuracy ±1° - Max. cutting height with blade ⌀300 mm: 95 mm - Max. cutting height with blade ⌀350 mm: 120 mm - Upper dust extraction port diameter ⌀80 mm - Lower dust extraction port diameter ⌀100 mm - Weight 480 kg - Machine dimensions (folded) 2020x3380x1200mm Net price: 16000 PLN Net price: 3800 EUR Net price calculated at the exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (Price may change with larger exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: new, CATALOG NUMBER RE041 - New machine Iodpeyviupsfx Abgstf TECHNICAL DATA - Blade diameter ⌀250 – 350/30 mm - Scoring blade diameter (operation only with ⌀300, 350 mm blade) ⌀120/20 mm - Main motor power 4 kW - Scoring motor power 0.75 kW - Main spindle speed 4000 rpm - Scoring spindle speed 8800 rpm - Blade tilt 0 – 45° - Max. cutting length 2000 mm - Cutting width with rip fence 1250 mm - Riving knife ⌀350 mm - Spindle flange diameter 87.5 mm - Table fence settable at 90° – 45°, accuracy ±1° - Max. cutting height with ⌀300 mm blade: 95 mm - Max. cutting height with ⌀350 mm blade: 120 mm - Top extraction port diameter ⌀80 mm - Bottom extraction port diameter ⌀100 mm - Weight 620 kg - Machine dimensions (L/W/H) 2255x3460x1450mm Net price: 19,900 PLN Net price: 4,740 EUR Net price calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant currency fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7948 Technical data: - track width: 400mm - working width of shaft: 400mm - max blade diameter (mounted: 350mm): 450mm - blade bore diameter: 70mm - max cutting height (with 450mm blade): 160mm - table width with extension: 710mm - table length: 1900mm From above: Iodpfoyxrbksx Abgetf - dogs/kickers: 2 rows - sliding roller, metal, pressure - dogs/kickers - sliding roller, metal, pressure - shaft with saw blades - smooth sliding roller, metal, sliding From below: - guide bar - dogs - track - electric body lifting - central track lubrication - 2 feed speeds + stepless - total power: 32kW - overall dimensions L/W/H: 2050x1800x1530mm - weight approx. 2000kg Advantages: – Italian production – very good condition – DTR documentation (technical manual) – used multi-blade saw Net price: 48,900 PLN Net price: 11,650 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (in case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7651 Technical data: - Track width: 250mm - Shaft width: 250mm - Max saw blade diameter: 400mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 70mm - Max cutting height: 120mm - Table width with opening: 810mm - Table length: 1780mm – From above: - Pawls/kickers - Smooth pressure shaft - Pawls - Smooth pressure shaft - Shaft with saw blades - Smooth pressure shafts, 2 pcs – From below: - Guide - Pawls/kickers - Track - Central lubrication - Stepless feed speed adjustment - Feed motor 1.1kW Itjdpfxsyyyd Ne Abgef - Main motor 37kW - Manual body lifting - Manual lifting of shaft with saw blades - Chip extraction connection diameter: 200mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2150x1480x1760mm - Weight: 1735kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Stepless feed speed adjustment – Multi-blade saw, used, in very good condition Net price: 46,900 PLN Net price: 11,160 EUR (at a rate of 4.25 EUR) (Prices may change depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7906 Technical specifications: - Track width: 400mm - Working width of roller: 400mm - Max saw blade diameter: 450mm - Saw blade bore diameter: 70mm - Max cutting height: 160mm - Table width with extension: 720mm - Table length: 1900mm From above: - Kickback fingers/ejectors: 2 rows - Sliding roller, metal, pressure type - Kickback fingers/ejectors - Sliding roller, metal, pressure type - Shaft with saw blades - Smooth sliding roller, metal From below: - Guide rail - Kickback fingers - Track - Electric body lifting - Central track lubrication - 2 feed speeds + stepless adjustment - Feed motor: 0.9kW - Main motor: 30kW - Extraction port diameter: 260mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2350x1800x2200mm - Weight approx: 2000kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture – New track and sliders – Very good condition – Used multirip saw Net price: 55,900 PLN Net price: 13,300 EUR depending on 4.2 EUR exchange rate (Prices may change with significant fluctuations) Iodeynknyopfx Abgetf

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7904 Technical data: - Max cutting height: 160mm - Max element width: 700mm - Working width of the shaft with saws: 600mm - Shaft diameter: 70mm - Max saw blade diameter: 450mm - Top: - Pawls - 2 geared feed rollers - Pressure with metal slip roller - Bottom: - Slip roller - Pawls - Geared feed roller - Shaft with saws - Smooth feed roller - Metal slip roller - Infinitely variable feed speed control - Feed motor: 1.5kW - Main motor: 55kW - Overall dimensions L/W/H: 1700x1400x1900mm - Weight: approx. 2740kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Poland – Robust construction – Used machine, in very good condition Net price: 56,900 PLN Net price: 13,550 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR Isdpfxeynkt Nj Abgstf (in case of larger exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7756 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. blade diameter: 400 mm - Blade guard - Blade bore diameter: 30 mm - Max. workpiece diameter with 400 mm blade: 130 mm - Motor approx. 5.5 kW - Feed motor: 1.1 kW - 3 feed speeds + forward/backward - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1500x1300x1300 mm - Weight: 530 kg ADVANTAGES – For palisades – With pointing device – Easy to operate – Occupies little space Ijdeyi Ttujpfx Abgjtf – Used saw, very good condition Net price: 8,900 PLN Net price: 2,120 EUR depending on exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices subject to change with stronger fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7901 Technical specifications: - track width: 300mm - working width of roller: 300mm - max saw blade diameter: 350mm - saw blade bore diameter: 70mm - max cutting height: 120mm - table width with extension: 750mm - table length: 1530mm - from above: Isdpfx Abjymffdsgotf - kickback prevention barriers (safety barrier against material reverse) - metal sliding roller - kickback prevention barriers - metal sliding roller - shaft with saw blades - 2 smooth metal sliding rollers - from below: - guide rail - kickback prevention barriers - track - central track lubrication - stepless feed speed adjustment - feed motor: 1.5kW - main motor: 22kW - brake - suction nozzle diameter: 200mm - overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2300x1370x1570mm - weight approx.: 1700kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacturing – very good condition – technical DTR documentation – used multi-blade saw Net price: 32,900 PLN Net price: 7,830 EUR (calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7541 Technical Specifications: - Maximum diameter of main saw blade (without scorer): 400mm - Maximum diameter of main saw blade (with scorer): 350mm - Blade bore diameter: 30mm - Maximum cutting height for 400mm blade: at 90 degrees – 120mm, at 45 degrees – 85mm - Maximum cutting height for 350mm blade: at 90 degrees – 95mm, at 45 degrees – 67mm - Main blade adjustable vertically and for angle - Blade guard - Equipped with side sliding table - Cutting length on sliding table: 1700mm - Cutting width on sliding table: 1400mm - Cutting width at fence: 1350mm - Main motor power: 6kW - Table dimensions: 1190x990mm - With table extension: 1880mm - With table enlargement: 1890mm - With scorer unit - Maximum scorer blade diameter: 120mm - Scorer spindle diameter: 20mm - Scorer motor power: 0.75kW - Three spindle speeds: 3500, 4500, 6000 rpm - Brake - Extraction port diameter: 80, 120mm - Machine dimensions (LxWxH): 3050x2200x1600mm Itodpjyaq Nhefx Abgef - Weight: 800kg ADVANTAGES – Manufactured in Poland – DTR documentation included – Blade guard – Equipped with scorer unit – With table extension and enlargement – Used saw, in very good condition Net price: 15,900 PLN Net price: 3,780 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7394 TECHNICAL DATA - max main blade diameter: 380mm - max cutting height: 110mm Isdsx S I Rhopfx Abgotf - main blade height adjustable up/down - spindle diameter: 30mm - spindle lock - with sliding table - cutting length on sliding table: 2560mm - cutting width at rip fence: 810mm - with side table - main motor: 5.5kW - table dimensions: 1250x730mm - blade guard included - overall dimensions (L/W/H): 2580x2570x1050mm - weight: 780kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Used saw, very good condition Net price: 7900 PLN Net price: 1880 EUR (based on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may change with significant currency fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7050 TECHNICAL DATA - Wheel diameter: 800 mm - Table dimensions: 1100x800 mm - Angle-adjustable table - Motor: 5.5 kW - Max cutting height: 340 mm - Throat/clearance (blade to frame): 680 mm - Extraction port diameter: 90 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1500x950x2600 mm - Weight: 987 kg Itodpfjx Swvyex Abgof ADVANTAGES – Manufactured in Poland – Very good condition – Used saw Net price: 8,900 PLN Net price: 2,120 EUR based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 72133 TECHNICAL DATA - Maximum cutting height: 180 mm - Track width: 400 mm - Shaft width: 370 mm - Shaft diameter: 60 mm - Maximum blade diameter: 300 mm - Blade bore diameter: 80 mm - Minimum workpiece length: 630 mm - Maximum workpiece width: 600 mm From above: - Pneumatic hold-down - Pawls - 2 metal pressure rollers - Pawls - Saw shaft - Smooth pressure roller - Pawls - Smooth pressure roller From below: - 2 metal, toothed feed rollers - Pawls - Track - Saw shaft - Track - Stepless feed speed adjustment via inverter - Main motors 2x55 kW - Feed motor 4 kW - Hydraulic lifting of the top/bottom frame - Hydraulic adjustment of saw shafts Itsdpfx Abjyr Rmqsgof - Pump motor 0.37 kW - Central lubrication - Suction connector diameter: 1x300 mm, 1x380 mm - Dimensions (LxWxH): 3200x2350x2000 mm - Weight approx. 5500 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture – Double-shaft – Used multi-blade saw, in very good condition Net price: PLN 238,900 Net price: EUR 56,880 Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (Price may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7942 TECHNICAL DATA - Max disc diameter: 450mm Iedpsywtl Ujfx Abgstf - Disc bore diameter: 30mm - Blade guard included - Max cutting height (with 350mm blade): 100mm - Max cutting width: 700mm - Ability to cut at an angle in vertical plane: +45°/-45° - Arm rotation: right/left - Motor: 2.2kW - Roller table length/width: 3000mm/550mm - Roller width: 500mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 700x700x1650mm - Weight: 340kg FEATURES – Made in Italy – Very good condition – Used saw Net price: 6900 PLN Net price: 1640 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7950 Technical data: - Track width: 300mm - Working shaft width: 290mm - Max. disc diameter: 300mm - Disc bore diameter: 70mm - Max. cutting height: 100mm Ijdpeyx T R Hefx Abgjtf - Table width with extension: 680mm - Table length: 1630mm From above: - 2 rows of fingers/kickback pawls - Metal pressure roller - Shaft with saw blades - 2 smooth metal pressure rollers From below: - Guide bar - Fingers/kickback pawls - Track/chain conveyor - Electric body height adjustment (up/down) - Central chain lubrication - 2 feed speeds + variable speed control - Feed motor: 1.1kW - Main motor: 22kW - Extraction port diameter: 170mm - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1900x1320x1650mm - Weight: 1700kg Advantages: – Italian-made – DTR technical documentation – Very good condition – Used multi-blade saw Net price: 34,900 PLN Net price: 8,300 EUR (based on a 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may vary with exchange rate fluctuations)