Used Pipe Bending Machine for sale (66,026)

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, pipe diameter (max.): 32 mm, bending angle (max.): 190 °, bending radius (max.): 220 mm, power: 8.2 kW (11.15 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, warranty duration: 24 months, drive type: Servo - Hydraulic, operating speed: 99 mm/s, pressure: 150 bar, wall thickness: 2 mm, working length: 2,500 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, 32x2mm Fully Automatic Tube Bending Machine The “Atlas” tube bending machines are nc structures. This type of tube benders includes hydraulic and pneumatic for all clamping and pushing operations. Atlas has 3 different type which are NB, NBR, NBRF. NB series makes bending operation automatically. Djdpfx Aovwg Hmjffsur NBR series makes bending and rotating operation automatically. NBRF series makes bending, rotating and feeding operation automatically. A.C servo engine control gives semi automatic bending capability for NBR and NBRF series. With ergonomic loading height, machine is accordance with health and safety instructions and can avoid the ergonomy problems. Improvable program setup settings for optimizing the results of your bending projects, program setup settings that can be developed. With energy saving mode, your energy efficiency will be increased, the nature and our future can be protected. Inverter control system, a new generation of precision bending system, can help to optimally actualize your bending project. Powerbend mode will help the bending process of your difficult bending materials. User-friendly, easy and quick to learn interface which allows you to quickly start the new projects. Easy to use with min 10-inch touch screen HMI. Fast and accurate bending with minimal friction with the help of Linear Guide. Flexible bending ability with the help of rotation of bending head. Bending precision will be top level with the help of Non-Vibrating structure. Easy to understand and solve the problems with the help of end user error messages, it will help to keep your business on running. Quality bending with wiper, ball mandrel and other systems.

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, pipe diameter (max.): 38 mm, bending angle (max.): 190 °, bending radius (max.): 220 mm, total length: 2,500 mm, power: 8 kW (10.88 HP), input voltage: 400 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of input current: three-phase, warranty duration: 24 months, drive type: Servo - Hydraulic, pressure: 150 bar, wall thickness: 2 mm, working length: 2,000 mm, Equipment: documentation/manual, 38x2mm Twin Head Tube Bending Machine The “Gemini” tube bending machines structures. This type of tube benders bend the tubes with own two bending heads. Gemini has 3 different type which are DB, DBF, DBFR. Dodpfx Afevuqmxofjur 1 pc. Ø38mmx2mm 2 pcs. Ø25mmx1,5mm 3 pcs. Ø16mmx1,5mm 4 pcs. Ø13mmx1,5mm DB series makes bending operation automatically. DBF series makes bending and feeding operation automatically. DBFR series makes bending, rotating and feeding operation automatically.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, Technical details: tube diameter: 4,75 - 8,0 mm wall strength: - mm bending radius min.: unterschiedlich, various, variada mm bending angle max.: 180 ° compressed air: min 4,5 bar Total power requirement: ca. 10 kW Weight approx.: 6,0 t dimension machine xH: 6,3x3,7x2,0 m dimensions electric cabinet: 1,8x0,5x2,7 m dimension control panel: 0,85x0,68x1,65 m fully automatic numeric control Dsdpfju Ibukox Affsur for bending of hydraulic supply pipes, car brake pipes various length - various numbers of bending possible (max. 100 bendings per pipe) - 2 independent bending module, every modul has 2 NC axis with functions: " longitudinal process (axis 1 and 3) and " turning of bending head" and bending (axis 2 & 4) - program memory for 250 pipes (lines) - the feeding unit consits of manual a manually filled drum magazine (drum magazine pipe dia.=4,75mm up to dia=8,0mm with 500/1000 pcs) - load swiveling arm - control panel Bundy GHF 60134 accessories: - div. single and add-on parts *

Condition: used, Pedrazzoli UNIVERSAL BROWN 42 CN 1 axis pipe bender. Max bending capacity: mm 42×2.5. Minimum internal radius of bending : mm 22. Max average radius of bending operating with rollers : mm 260. Max angle of bending: 185°. Max length of tube to be bent : mm 3100. Installed power : Kw 5.5. Dimensions : mm 4700x800x1300. Weight : Kg 1100. Duodpfxeqgd Ekj Affjr

Condition: new, Hydraulic pipe S235JR: 54 x 4 mm Aluminum tube: 54 x 5 mm Steel pipe: 54 x 2 mm Stainless steel pipe AISI 304/316: 42 x 3 mm Copper or brass tube: 54 x 4 mm Gas pipe for pipelines: 1 1/2" Max bending angle: 180° Max bending radius: 150 mm Engine power: 1.1 kW Voltage: 400 V Machine dimensions (W x D x H)*: 700 x 230 x 520 mm Dsdscvvc Hopfx Affjur Weight approx.: 107 kg *without base. Base not included in delivery. It is of course available at an extra cost.

Year of construction: 2019, condition: used, Pipe bending machine DW75NC Europe Design Semi Automatic with Measurements Panels Dujdpfji Ewy Tjx Affsr Pipe Bender. The DW75 semi-automatic pipe bending machines are easy to operate, robustly constructed, and achieve excellent bending results. The NC program precisely controls the bend angle (Y-axis) and rotation (Z-axis). The distance between the bends (X-axis) is configured using easily adjustable and very precise mechanical stops. Entering a new bending program is very intuitive with the help of an industrial touch controller and the accurate and user-friendly software. The DW75 semiautomatic pipe bender is by far the most efficient machine in its class to minimize energy consumption. BLMA as top 10 tube bending manufacturers offer a wide assortment of 5- Axes NC tube bending machine. The DW75 semi-automatic tube bender is fabricated from the finest quality of raw materials to provide maximum durability and long service life. Used in various industrial uses, these are highly acknowledged for Its specific design, precision, and standard performance. Main specification Max bending capacity: ¢75mm x 5mm Max bending radius: R400mm Bending degree: 0-190° Max effective distance of mandrel: 2800mm Motor power: 7.5Kw Max hydraulic pressure 12Mpa Oil tank capability 250L Measurement: 400 x 100 x 110cm Weight of machine: 2000kg

Condition: new, – Capacity: 34 x 3 mm – Digitally adjustable stroke – Emergency stop switch – With 3 tool sets: 33.7 mm, 21.4 mm, 16 mm – Documentation Dujdpfx Afsxq Hl Ejfer – Weight: 80 kg – 400V

Condition: used, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2000, Set of two machines for bending flue or ventilation pipes. Available diameters: 97 - 110 - 125 - 139 - 150 - 180 - 200 Dedowa T Tdopfx Affeur

Condition: new, neu ca. 4 Wochen ab Auftragse Italien 3620 € 38 mm 245 mm 300 mm 320 mm 23 kg 19 cm³ 38 x 1,5 mm 38 x 1,5 mm 35 x 3 mm 30 x 2 mm 35 x 1,5 mm 42 x 1,5 mm 42 x 1,5 mm 50 x 2 mm 50 x 2 mm 50 x 4 mm 20 mm 10 x 25 mm 25 x 20 (stehend), 25 x 1 mm 180 mm 36 mm 10 mm 2,8 U/min 0.9 kW digital adjustment of the bending angle from 0 - 180 ° single phase motor 220V / 900W electric engine brake indicator light for indicating overload Djdpfxewiqxij Affour basement made of cast iron, suitable for mounting a tripod (tripod not included) 90° bend in 6 seconds foot pedal without tools OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT: tripod € 330,-

Condition: new, tube diameter max. 3" Zoll wall strength 3 mm Djdpfxeupw Uuj Affjur pressure 16 t weight of the machine ca. 45 Kg dimensions 0,8 x 0,6 x m 0,65 x 0,60 x 0,20 m

Condition: new, tube diameter 50,8 mm wall strength 1,0 mm square edge steel 50 x 50 x 1 mm round bar steel 25 x 6 mm weight of the machine ca. 46 Kg dimensions 0,6 x 0,4 x 0,5 m Dsdpfx Afsupxlzjfeur

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, pipe diameter (max.): 51 mm, pipe length (max.): 3,000 mm, tube wall thickness (max.): 3 mm, bending angle (max.): 190 °, bending radius (max.): 250 mm, number of axes: 5, Equipment: CE marking, emergency stop, foot remote control, STANDARD EQUIPMENT • 3 Sets of Dies (1 set of rolling die and 2 sets of bending dies, or 3 sets of bending dies, as per required dimensions) • 5-axis servo control (Y, B, C, H, V) • Servo Motorized Feed Axis • Servo Motorized Rotation Axis • Servo Motorized Bending Axis Dodpfxexircas Affsur • Servo Motorized H and V Axes • 21” TFT Touchscreen Mobile CNC Control Unit • Rolling capability • 3D Bending Simulation • Collision Simulation • Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Total Operating Status Reports • Calculation of Workpiece Material Length • Calculation of Estimated Bending Time • X-Y-Z to Y-B-C Conversion • Emergency Stop Foot Pedal with Mobile Function • Remote Assistance • Mandrel Bending and Mandrel-less Bending • Safety Plate behind Bending Head • Hydraulic Clamping • Hydraulic Mandrel • Hydraulic Support • Hydraulic Linear Guide System • Hydraulic Chuck Clamp • Safety Lock on Electrical Cabinet and Keyed Panel Lock • Electrical System Cooling Unit • Overload Protection • Detailed Operation Report Automatically Sent OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT (Not Included in Price) • Additional Sets of Dies • Safety Mat (750 x 1000 mm) • Safety Mat (1000 x 1500 mm) • Hydraulic Oil Heater • Additional Mandrel Length (up to 6 m) – per meter • Ball Mandrel and Wiper Die • Automatic Mandrel Lubrication System (for suitable tube diameters) • Hydraulic Oil Cooler CAPACITY MB-51 CNC/5 AXIS Maximum Capacity mm Ø51x3 mm Maximum Bending Radius mm 250 mm Maximum Bending Angle ° 190° Hydraulic Pressure bar 50–200 Working Length mm 3000 Rotation Tolerances ±0.1 Bending Speed kW Variable LxWxH mm 6350x1400x1600 Weight kg 3750

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, control type: CNC control, degree of automation: automatic, actuation type: electric, pipe diameter (max.): 65 mm, pipe length (max.): 3,000 mm, tube wall thickness (max.): 3 mm, bending angle (max.): 190 °, bending radius (max.): 250 mm, number of axes: 5, warranty duration: 12 months, Equipment: CE marking, documentation/manual, emergency stop, foot remote control, STANDARD EQUIPMENT • 3 sets of dies (1 set of rolling die and 2 sets of bending dies, or 3 sets of bending dies, according to required dimensions) • 5-axis servo control (Y, B, C, H, V) • Servo motor-driven feeding axis • Servo motor-driven rotation axis • Servo motor-driven bending axis • Servo motor-driven H and V axes • 21” TFT touchscreen mobile CNC control unit • Rolling capability • 3D bending simulation • Collision simulation • Daily, weekly, and monthly total operation status reports • Calculation of working material length • Calculation of estimated bending time • Conversion from X-Y-Z to Y-B-C • Mobile foot pedal with emergency stop feature • Remote assistance • Bending with or without mandrel Dedpfx Asxircgsffsur • Safety plate behind the bending head • Hydraulic clamping • Hydraulic mandrel • Hydraulic support • Hydraulic linear slide system • Hydraulic claw clamp • Electrical panel safety lock and main switch panel lock • Electrical system cooler • Overload protection • Automatic dispatch of detailed operation reports OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT (Not included in price) • Additional die sets • Safety mat (750 x 1000 mm) • Safety mat (1000 x 1500 mm) • Hydraulic oil heater • Additional mandrel length (up to 6 m, priced per meter) • Ball mandrel and wiper die set • Automatic mandrel lubrication system (for suitable tube diameters) • Hydraulic oil cooler CAPACITY MB-65 CNC/5 AXIS Maximum capacity mm: Ø65x3mm Maximum bending radius mm: 250mm Maximum bending angle °: 190° Hydraulic pressure bar: 50-200 Working length mm: 3000 Rotation tolerances: Adjustable Bending power kW: 22.5 Dimensions LxWxH mm: 6350x1400x1600 Weight kg: 3950

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2024, neu 2024 9721 prompt, Zwischenverkauf v Italien 7780 € 150.15 € 1 1 42 mm 400 mm 570 mm 1000 mm 80 kg 4 cm³ 42 x 3 mm 48 x 1,5 mm 42 x 4 mm 42 x 2 mm Dodewirzfopfx Affsur 42 x 2 mm 50 x 3 mm 54 x 2 mm 54 x 2 mm 60 x 2 mm 50 x 4 mm 30 mm 40x20 (liegend), 40x12 (s mm 260 mm 10 mm 3,3 U/min 1.1 kW manual clamping electronic preselection of bending angle digital read our for Clamping position 30 programms with each 9 bends material spring back compensation overload protection mobile by rolls and handle foot pedal tools not included Alternatively also available as following models (prices on request): MB 42M (single phase, 2 U/min) MB 42PM (portable, single phase, 2 U/min)

Condition: new, neu ca. 4 Wochen ab Auftragse Italien 10900 € 209.28 € 60 mm 595 mm 363 mm 900 mm 130 kg 10.5 cm³ 60 x 3 mm 2"Gas x 3,91 mm 60 x 4 mm 60 x 2 mm 60 x 4 mm 60 x 4 mm 64 x 4 mm 64 x 4 mm 60 x 4 mm 50 x 4 mm 35 mm 60x30x4 stehend, 60x40x5 mm 300 mm 10 mm 10 mm 1,25 / 2,50 U/min 1.5 kW digital read out for bending angle manual clamping Duodpfjwirxkex Affer material spring back compensation digital read out and zero setting for clamping point 2 speeds overload protection mobile by rolls and handle tools not included

Condition: new, neu ca. 4 Wochen ab Auftragse Italien 9340 € 180.26 € 48 mm 570 mm 410 mm 1000 mm 110 kg 6 cm³ 48 x 3,5 mm 1"1/2 x 3.68 mm 54 x 1,5 mm 50 x 4 mm 48 x 2 mm 48 x 2 mm 60 x 3 mm 64 x 2 mm 64 x 2 mm Dodpfswirlkjx Affeur 60 x 2 mm 50 x 4 mm 32 mm 45 x 16 stehend, 45 x 25 mm 300 mm 10 mm 10 mm 2/3 U/min 1.5 kW 3 phase digital display of bend material spring back compensation quick-change tooling system 2 hexagonal tool holders accurate counterbending die positioning portable with base wheels footswitch users manual ALTERNATIVELY ALSO AVAILABLE AS FOLOWING MODEL (PRICE ON REQUEST): SB 48M (single phase, 2 r/min) Model with TCPlus control on request MACHINE-KIT WITH TOOLS (PRICES ON REQUEST): . maschine tube radius SB 48M K2D SB 48M Gas inch 2 x Ø SB 48T K2D SB 48T Gas inch 2 x Ø tools: Ø 1/2" (21,3 mm), R46 Ø 3/4" (26,9 mm), R56 Ø 1" (33,7 mm), R67 Ø 1" 1/4 (42,25 mm), R90 Ø 1" 1/2 (48,25 mm), R100 . maschine tube radius SB 48M K3D SB 48M Gas inch 3 x Ø SB 48T K3D SB 48T Gas inch 3 x Ø tools: Ø 1/2" (21,3 mm), R67 Ø 3/4" (26,9 mm), R82 Ø 1" (33,7 mm), R112 Ø 1" 1/4 (42,25 mm), R130 Ø 1" 1/2 (48,25 mm), R150

Condition: new, neu ca. 8 Wochen ab Auftragse Italien 12460 € 239.23 € 60 mm 500 mm 760 mm 1000 mm 186 kg Djdpfewiru Sjx Affsur 10 cm³ 60 x 4 mm 2" x 3,91 mm 60 x 4 mm 60 x 2 mm 60 x 3 mm 60 x 6 mm 64 x 6 mm 64 x 6 mm 63 x 4 mm 50 x 4 mm 35 mm 35 x 35 mm 60 x 20 stehend, 60 x 35 mm 380 mm 10 mm 10 mm 1,5 / 3 U/min 1.5 kW quick-change tooling system digital display of bending angle material spring back compensation foot pedal for hands-free operation accurate counterbending die positioning users manual tools not included, priced on request

Condition: new, neu ca. 8 Wochen ab Auftragse Italien 14020 € 269.18 € 76 mm 370 mm 680 mm 910 mm 193 kg 15 cm³ 76 x 3 mm 2" x 5,4 mm 76 x 3 mm 70 x 4 mm 76 x 1,6 mm 76 x 4 mm 76 x 6 mm 76 x 6 mm 76,3 x 3,25 mm 50 x 4 mm Dsdpjwiq Nhefx Affeur 45 mm 75 x 15 stehend, 75 x 30 mm 380 mm 10 mm 10 mm 1/2 U/min 3.5 kW digital display of bend material spring back compensation quick-change tooling system 2 hexagonal tool holders (40 and 50 mm accurate counterbending die positioning foot pedal users manual tools not included

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1977, machine/vehicle number: 22247, Offered 23250 Technical data: - Bending performance Dodev Hzr Nepfx Affsur - Pipe at 45 kg / mm² Ø 6 - 48 mm - Max. bending angle 180 ° - Max. bending radius 145 mm - Drive 400 V / 1.7 kW - Space requirement approx. W 900 x H 1100 x D 1400 mm - Weight approx. 600 kg - with - Pipe circular saw - Inside and outside pipe deburring device - Pipe necking device - Without tools

Year of construction: 1993, condition: reconditioned (used), year - 1993 / 2020 complete reconditioned with new PLC Management tube diameter max. 100 mm wall thicknes - 10 mm pull up length of tube - 6000 /12000 mm Mandrel pipe bending up to 4 mm pipe wall thickness and pipe bending without mandrel from 5.0 - 10 mm pipe wall thickness accuracy of bending angle ± 0,2 ° total power requirement - 50 kW Dedpfx Afeiau Uuefjur weight of the machine ca. 6 t

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2001, Max.Tube Ø: 42mm Min. Tube Ø: 6mm Max. Wall thickness:2,5 mm Max. Bending radius:270mm Min. Bending radius:25mm Max. bending length:3.000mm 3e Dimension bending:360,000 mm/min. Power: 5.5kW Length: 4.700 mm Dedpfx Afot R T Itefeur Iajbmet R T Itja U Db Isu Width: 1.300 mm Height: 1.600 mm Weight: 3.750 kg

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, operating hours: 8 h, machine/vehicle number: 2026BD25, bending angle (max.): 190 °, overall weight: 1,000 kg, total length: 1,800 mm, total width: 850 mm, total height: 1,230 mm, power: 8 kW (10.88 HP), input voltage: 380 V, type of input current: AC, warranty duration: 12 months, control cabinet height: 1,200 mm, Single - Head Servo CNC Pipe Bending Machine BD25CNC3A1S Machine Model: BD25CNC3A1S Machine Applications  Transportation Sector For locomotives, automobiles, and bicycles: exhaust manifolds, brake lines, fuel supply conduits, steering mechanisms, air - conditioning ducting systems, seating assemblies, balancing components, bumper structures, window frame assemblies, handlebar components, and frame structures.  Furniture Industry Indoor and outdoor seating and table sets, office furniture including desks and chairs, shelving units, bed frames and associated furniture pieces.  Leisure and Recreation Industry Fitness apparatus, infant strollers, utility carts, and amusement ride installations.  HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air - Conditioning) and Appliance Industry Water heating units, electric heating appliances, gas - fired cooktops, refrigeration units, and air - conditioning equipment.  Heavy Industrial Sphere Piping networks for boilers, heat exchanger, power generation plants, chemical processing facilities, diesel engine manufacturing, and shipbuilding operations.  Diverse Other Industries Household consumer goods, rehabilitation - oriented medical devices, sanitary fixtures, the decoration and interior design sector, the construction industry, agricultural machinery and equipment, and the aviation manufacturing and maintenance industry. Maximum Bending Pipe Diameter × Wall Thickness (Normal Steel, Aluminum, Copper etc.) Φ25mm×1.2mm Maximum Bending Radius R150mm Maximum Bending Angle 190° Maximum Feeding Length 1200mm Working Speed: Bending Speed Max. 150°/s Working Speed: Pipe Rotating Speed Max. 200°/s Working Speed: Feeding Speed Max. 1000mm/s Working Precision: Bending Precision ±0.1° Working Precision: Pipe Rotating Precision ±0.1° Working Precision: Feeding Precision ±0.1mm Data Transmission Mode 1. Coordinates (X.Y.Z) 2. Working Values (Y.B.C) Bending Mode Servo Bending Dedpfx Afoyak E Njfour

Condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2026, operating hours: 8 h, machine/vehicle number: BD89NC2A1S, bending angle (max.): 190 °, overall weight: 2,000 kg, total length: 4,300 mm, total width: 1,300 mm, total height: 1,600 mm, power: 11 kW (14.96 HP), input voltage: 380 V, type of input current: AC, warranty duration: 12 months, Semi-Automatic Single-Head Hydraulic Pipe Bending Machine BD89NC2A Machine Model: BD89NC2A Machine Applications  Transportation Sector For locomotives, automobiles, and bicycles: exhaust manifolds, brake lines, fuel supply conduits, steering mechanisms, air - conditioning ducting systems, seating assemblies, balancing components, bumper structures, window frame assemblies, handlebar components, and frame structures.  Furniture Industry Indoor and outdoor seating and table sets, office furniture including desks and chairs, shelving units, bed frames and associated furniture pieces.  Leisure and Recreation Industry Fitness apparatus, infant strollers, utility carts, and amusement ride installations.  HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air - Conditioning) and Appliance Industry Water heating units, electric heating appliances, gas - fired cooktops, refrigeration units, and air - conditioning equipment.  Heavy Industrial Sphere Piping networks for boilers, heat exchanger, power generation plants, chemical processing facilities, diesel engine manufacturing, and shipbuilding operations.  Diverse Other Industries Household consumer goods, rehabilitation - oriented medical devices, sanitary fixtures, the decoration and interior design sector, the construction industry, agricultural machinery and equipment, and the aviation manufacturing and maintenance industry. The largest applicable carbon steel pipe (bending radius ≥ 2d) Φ89×3.0mm (thickness Max. 3.0) The largest applicable stainless steel pipe (bending radius ≥ 2d) Φ76×2.0mm (thickness Max. 2.0) Maximum core length (*) 3500mm Maximum bending radius (*) 450mm Maximum bend angle 190° The number of bends that can be set for each pipe fitting (*) 25 bends The number of pipe fitting files can be set 280 sets (extensible) Working speed bending speed Max.30°/s Machine tool bending angle ±0.1° Dodpfx Aevu R Amjffour Hydraulic motor power 11.0kw

Condition: new, functionality: fully functional, Year of construction: 2025, control type: CNC control, laser type: fiber laser, pipe diameter (max.): 9,000 mm, input voltage: 380 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, type of cooling: water, warranty duration: 24 months, Equipment: CE marking, centralized greasing system, cooling unit, documentation/manual, dust extraction, emergency stop, fume extraction, nozzle changer, safety light barrier, model: GS-HG Maximum length of pipe: Duodpfxewwqvwj Affor

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 380 V, input frequency: 50 Hz, travel distance X-axis: 6,000 mm, workpiece weight (max.): 1,000 kg, laser power: 20,000 W, pipe diameter (max.): 6,000 mm, Equipment: cooling unit, safety light barrier, Max. Length of Tube: 6m Dedpfxov D T H Te Affour Cutting Capacity of Round Tube: Φ360mm Cutting Capacity of Square Tube: Φ360mm Max. Load: 1000kg Zero Waste Cutting Full stroke movement, capable of cutting both ends of the pipe, improving material utilization Full Pipe Cutting available Standard auxiliary loading and unloading system loading, unloading, and cutting of 6m full pipes available Bevel Cutting Function available Bevel angle adjustable from 0-45° Capable of V, X, Y, K type bevel cutting Optional Automatic Loading and Unloading Saves labor costs, and increases production efficiency Intelligent production for high efficiency