Used Jointer Thicknesser for sale (332)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7738 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS SURFACER/JOINTER: - shaft width: 500mm - 4-knife cutterblock - sound-dampening riving knife/comb - shaft guard - adjustable tilting fence - table length: 2200mm - infeed table length: 1180mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER/PLANER: - max thicknessing height: 240mm - thicknesser shaft guard *top side: - anti-kickback fingers - feed roller: toothed, spring-loaded Gkedpfx Afsxcx Ucstsf - pressure bars - planer cutterblock - pressure bar - outfeed roller: smooth - adjustable roller in lower table - 2 feed speeds: 7/14 m/min - main motor: 5.5kW - electric brake - extraction port diameter: 150mm - dimensions L/W/H: 2300x950x1100mm - weight: 910kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture – 4-knife shaft – Long tables – Excellent, original condition, never repainted – Used surface planer and thicknesser Net price: 21,900 PLN Net price: 5,200 EUR (exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary depending on exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Dimensions and weights Length approx. 2000 mm width/depth approx. 1110 mm Weight approx. 430 kg Gkjdpfx Afjhkz E Tetof Dressing table Feed table length 1034 mm chip removal max. 5 mm Connection suction Suction port diameter thickness 2 x 120 mm Thickness working height min. 3 mm working height max. 230 mm Chip removal max. 5 mm Electrical data Power drive motor 5 kW Supply voltage 400 V Mains frequency 50 Hz Planing cutterhead Type TERSA Number of planing knives 4 pcs Speed 5200 min¯¹ Max. planing width 410 mm Feed rate speed 6 / 12 m/min TERSA planing knife system enables particularly quiet running. Diagonally toothed steel feed roller for constant and even material feed Material feed with two speeds Numerical display for thicknessing table height The 2,000 mm long dressing tables allow easy dressing of large workpieces. Working tables are made of grey cast iron, annealed and stress relieved, thus insensitive and permanently flat Stable large aluminium dressing fence with round rod guide (1200 x 160 mm) Thicknessing table adjustment via handwheel with numerical display for planing height The high machine weight ensures maximum precision and smooth running. Powerful industrial motor Robust steel/cast iron construction Equipment details Dressing fence Stable, large dressing fence made of aluminium (1200 x 160 mm) With precise round bar guide Suction hose connection The suction ports for dressing and thicknessing point in the same direction during dressing and thicknessing. The dressing

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2022, Used machine Year of manufacture: 2022 Ideal for demanding craftsmen and joiners The particularly long jointer tables made from one piece facilitate easy planing of workpieces Work tables are made of cast iron, ensuring durability and long-term flatness Jointing tables open to the rear simultaneously, supported by tension springs for quick and convenient changeover Thanks to the fixed-mounted extraction hood, there is no need to reconnect the extraction hose during changeover, saving valuable working time Helically grooved steel feed roller ensures constant and even wood infeed Rubber outfeed roller in the thicknessing section secures uniform wood outfeed Material feed with four speeds Gkjdpfx Afox Hbrnstjf Thicknessing table adjustment via handwheel with integrated display for planing height DIGITAL version: with electric thicknessing table height adjustment and digital display Start and stop switches positioned for operator convenience Powerful industrial motor The high machine weight ensures maximum precision and smooth operation Prepped for slot boring unit Quality made in Italy Total table length: 2,250 mm Maximum cutting depth: 5 mm Working width: 520 mm Planing height: max. 240 mm, min. 3 mm Equipped with spiral cutter block Number of knives: 66 Cutter block speed: 5,000 rpm Motor: 9 kW Feed rates: 5/8/12/18 m/min With foldable cutter block guard Extraction port: 120 mm Weight: 695 kg Required space: 2,250 x 1,440 mm Availability: approx. end of January 2026 Location: North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)

Condition: used, Combined planer-thicknesser - 2-knife cutterhead Gedpfx Afsx E A Uuotokf - 510 mm - 3 kW - Main motor + feed motor - Robust design MARGIN TAXED (VAT on the margin)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7797 TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 510 mm - Number of knives: 3 pcs - Table length: 2520 mm Gsdoxt Ii Ropfx Aftokf - Brake - Cast iron tables - Both tables adjustable - Original angle-adjustable fence - Motor: 4 kW - Extraction port diameter: 160 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2520x870x950 mm - Weight: 672 kg ADVANTAGES – Polish production – 3-knife cutterhead – Brake – Used jointer, in very good condition Net price: 7,500 PLN Net price: 1,790 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of major exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2014, functionality: fully functional, planing width: 410 mm, planer shaft diameter: 72 mm, total length of planing tables: 1,800 mm, number of planer blades: 3, type of input current: three-phase, overall weight: 355 kg, input voltage: 400 V, rotational speed (max.): 6,000 rpm, - Year of manufacture: 2014 - Not repainted - After technical inspection - Operating manual, technical documentation (DTR) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: - Planing width: 410 mm - Number of knives: 3 - Rotational speed: 6000 rpm - Cutterblock diameter: 72 mm SURFACE PLANER: Gkodpfew H R I Sjx Aftsf - Planing width: 410 mm - Max depth of cut: 4 mm - Jointer table length: 1800 mm - Fence length: 150 x 1100 mm THICKNESSER: - Planing width: 404 mm - Table length: 600 mm - Planing height min/max: 4/225 mm - Feed speed: 6 m/min - Motor power: 4 kW - Voltage: 3×400 V - Extraction port diameter: 100 mm Machine overall dimensions: - Length: 1950 mm - Width: 800 mm - Height: 1090 mm - Weight: 355 kg

Condition: excellent (used), SCM S520 Thickness Planer Gjdpjx Hfg Nofx Aftokf Working width: 520 mm Working height: 250 mm Adjustable feed speed: 4 steps Cutterhead with traditional knives 4-knife cutterhead Power: 4 kW Weight: 670 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, planing width: 410 mm, total length of planing tables: 2,200 mm, total length: 2,400 mm, total height: 1,200 mm, chip removal for surfacing (max.): 5 mm, total width: 1,000 mm, chip removal: 5 mm, surfacing fence height: 1,300 mm, surfacing fence length: 1,300 mm, planing height: 250 mm, overall weight: 600 kg, table length: 2,200 mm, working width: 410 mm, jointer table length: 2,200 mm, space requirement width: 1,000 mm, space requirement length: 2,400 mm, space requirement height: 1,200 mm, No. 04507 Planer-Thicknesser Felder AD 941 Used, year of construction 2017, mint condition Planer shaft Silent-Power Surface planing width 410 mm Thicknessing width 404 mm Surface planing table length 2200 mm Surface planing fence length 1300 x 170 mm Chip removal 5 mm, adjustable according to scale Surface planing protection Euro-Comfort Thicknessing height 3 - 250 mm Height adjustment electric with digital display Control Power-Drive Motor power 5.5 kW 2-step synchronous feed gearbox 6 / 12 m/min Steel infeed roller with grooves, steel outfeed roller smooth Thicknessing table extension with F-coupling Extraction connection 120 mm Machine ready to plug in with 16 A plug Drive unit without handlebar Blade change tool Incl. Technical documentation Transport dimensions approx. 2400 x 1000 x 1200 mm LWH Weight approx. 600 kg To avoid possible misunderstandings, an on-site inspection is possible and recommended by appointment Sold as is Gedpfsx A Hlcox Aftjkf Technical specifications, condition description, year of construction and scope of delivery according to manufacturer's brochure or previous owner, without guarantee Subject to prior sale For used machines, any warranty is excluded, the following applies: “sold as seen” Terms of payment: Prices plus VAT, payment before collection or dispatch Terms of delivery: ex warehouse

Condition: reconditioned (used), functionality: fully functional, Planing width 510 mm, planing height 200 mm, manual height adjustment, star-delta switch, feed controlled by 2-speed foot pedal, main switch, emergency stop. Gsdpox E Smmofx Aftekf

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1987, For sale is this fine jointer from GEA. The machine operates perfectly and can be inspected and tested on site. Machine details: 510 mm planing width, 4-knife cutterhead, Aigner fence, approx. 280 cm table length, 4 kW motor. Gkedsx Ecxqspfx Aftsf

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7775 TECHNICAL DATA - Cutterblock width: 640 mm - Number of knives: 4 pcs - Maximum working thickness: 300 mm – From above: - Anti-kickback fingers - Toothed, pulling, swiveling infeed roller - Pressure bar - Planing cutterblock - Pressure bar - 2 smooth, pulling, rubber-coated outfeed rollers - Digital thickness display - Main motor: 5.5 kW - Electric table lift: 0.7 kW - Variable feed speed: 6–20 m/min - Feed motor: 1.1 kW - Dust extraction port diameter: 150 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1000 x 1400 x 1200 mm - Weight: 950 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture Gkodpfjxl Umgox Aftof – Electric thickness display – Electric table lifting – Used thickness planer in very good condition, complete with original technical documentation (DTR), CE marking Net price: 31,900 PLN Net price: 7,590 EUR based on 4.2 PLN/EUR (Prices may vary with exchange rates)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Holzkraft Combined planer-thicknesser - immediately available - Ideal for demanding craftsmen and carpenters The extra long planing tables made of one piece allow easy planing of the workpieces Working tables are made of grey cast iron, thus insensitive and permanently flat Dressing tables open simultaneously to the rear with tension spring support for fast and convenient changeover Thanks to the permanently mounted suction hood, it is not necessary to change the suction hose during retooling, which saves valuable working time. Diagonally toothed steel infeed roller ensures constant and even wood infeed Rubber outfeed roller in the outfeed of the thickness ensures even wood outfeed Material feed with four speeds Planer thickness table adjustment via handwheel with integrated display for planer height DIGITAL version: with electric thicknessing table height adjustment and digital display On/off switch in operator position Powerful industrial motor The high machine weight ensures highest precision and smooth running. Preparation for slotted hole drilling device Quality Made in Italy Dimensions and weights Length approx. 2250 mm width/depth approx. 1370 mm Kdf9ktm Weight approx. 695 kg Dresser Total length of tables 2250 mm chip removal max. 5 mm fence length 1200 mm fence height 150 mm Dust extraction connection suction nozzle diameter thickness 1 x 120 mm Drive power main motor 7 kW Installation information Space requirement length 2250 mm Space requirement width/depth 1440 mm Explanation of space requirements The dimensions take into account maximum travel distances or effective lengths. Thickness Thickness table Length 850 mm Thickness table width 520 mm Working height min. 3 mm Working height max. 240 mm working length min. 220 mm chip removal max. 5 mm Electrical data Supply voltage 400 V Phase(s) 3 Ph Type of current AC Mains frequency 50 Hz Planer cutterhead Type TERSA diameter 120 mm Number of planing knives 4 pcs Speed 5000 min¯¹ planing width max. 520 mm Gkedpoih Dxdjfx Aftsf Feed rate speed 5/8/12/18 m/min Location: Ex stock 54634 Bitburg - immediately available -

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue Number 7780 TECHNICAL DATA SURFACE PLANER: - shaft width: 410 mm - 3-knife shaft - adjustable, tilting fence - table length: 2,060 mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER: - max thickness of workpiece in thicknesser: 200 mm - thicknesser shaft guard - from above: - anti-kickback fingers - toothed, driven, swivelling infeed roller - planing shaft - smooth, driven outfeed roller - 2 adjustable rollers in lower table - main motor: 3 kW - 2 feed speeds - dimensions (L/W/H): 2,190 x 800 x 970 mm - weight: 900 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian manufacture Gksdpfx Afoxqyqhstsf – very good condition – used surface planer-thicknesser Net price: 14,900 PLN Net price: 3,550 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant currency fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2025, Description Technical data Scope of delivery Accessories Equipment options Ideal for demanding craftsmen and carpenters The extra long dressing tables made of one piece allow easy dressing of workpieces Working tables are made of grey cast iron, thus insensitive and permanently flat Dressing tables open to the rear, simultaneously, with tension spring support for fast and convenient changeover Thanks to the permanently mounted suction hood, it is not necessary to change the suction hose during changeover, which saves valuable working time. Diagonally toothed steel infeed roller ensures constant and even wood infeed Rubber outfeed roller in the outfeed of the thickness ensures even wood outfeed Material feed with four speeds Planer thickness table adjustment via handwheel with integrated display for planer height Gkodeff Hdmspfx Aftjf On/off switch in operator position Powerful industrial motor The high machine weight ensures highest precision and smooth running. Preparation for slotted hole drilling device Quality Made in Italy Dimensions and weights Length approx. 2250 mm width/depth approx. 1370 mm weight approx. 695 kg Dresser Total length of tables 2250 mm chip removal max. 5 mm fence length 1200 mm fence height 150 mm Dust extraction connection suction nozzle diameter thickness 1 x 120 mm Drive power main motor 7 kW Installation information Space requirement length 2250 mm Space requirement width/depth 1440 mm Explanation of space requirements The dimensions take into account maximum travel distances or effective lengths. Thickness Thicknessi [...]

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 6309 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Gkjdpfxsg Tl Rwe Aftof SURFACE PLANER: - shaft width: 510 mm - 3-knife cutterblock - adjustable tilting fence - table length: 1910 mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER: - max thickness of processed element: 200 mm - thicknesser cutterblock guard from above: - anti-kickback fingers - geared feed roller - planing cutterblock - smooth outfeed roller - stepless feed speed adjustment: 7–14 m/min - main motor approx. 4 kW - cutterblock speed: 3000/6000 rpm - dimensions (LxWxH): 1910x870x970 mm - weight: 780 kg – Italian manufacture – Very good condition, used machine Net price: PLN 14,500 Net price: EUR 3,450 Net price calculated at exchange rate 4.2 PLN/EUR (price may change in case of major exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7695 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 640mm - number of knives: 4 - max thickness of processed workpiece: 200mm *from above: - pawls - feed roller, toothed, sequential (split, segmented) - pressure rollers - planing shaft - pressure rollers - outfeed roller, smooth *from below: - slip roller, smooth, at entry - feed roller, smooth, at exit - adjustable rollers in the lower table - electric table elevation - main motor: 7.5kW - stepless feed speed adjustment: 8-24m/min - extraction port diameter: 180mm Gedpfx Afjw Elqfotokf - dimensions (L/W/H): 1400x1100x1650mm - weight: 1650kg Net price: 17,900 PLN Net price: 4,260 EUR (based on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may change with greater fluctuations)

Condition: new, Catalogue number: S 0335 - New machine, in stock - CE certificate SURFACE PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 1500 х 320 mm - Max. planing depth: 5 mm - Aluminium guide fence dimensions: 1100 x 155 mm THICKNESS PLANER: - Working table dimensions: 316 x 600 mm - Max. planing depth: 3 mm - Feed speed: 7 m/min - Material thickness: 4 - 230 mm - Motor power: 3 kW - Cutterhead speed: 5600 min⁻¹ - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1500/600/1050 mm - Weight: 315 kg Gkedpfx Afjvw Rqiotjf * Cast iron tables with ground surface * Tables with precise adjustment for longitudinal planing * Stable aluminium fence adjustable from 90° to 45° * Cutterhead guard * Thickness planer table with central guide column and support * Power on/off without stopping the machine * Mortiser with left-hand rotation Net price: 14,500 PLN Net price: 3,440 EUR Price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7739 TECHNICAL DATA SURFACE PLANER: - shaft width: 410 mm - 3-knife cutterblock - sound-dampening comb - shaft guard - adjustable angle guide fence - table length: 2060 mm - both tables adjustable THICKNESSER: - max material thickness on thicknesser: 240 mm - thicknesser shaft guard Gkodpfexbp Anox Aftsf *from above: - anti-kickback fingers - serrated, sprung feed roller - pressure bars - planing cutterhead - pressure bar - smooth outfeed roller - 2 adjustable rollers in lower table - main motor: 5.5 kW - electric brake - electric table height adjustment (up/down) - dust extraction port diameter: 120 mm - dimensions (L/W/H): 2060x970x1150 mm - weight: 660 kg ADVANTAGES – Italian-made – sound-dampening comb – not repainted – in perfect condition – used planer-thicknesser Net price: 22,900 PLN Net price: 5,450 EUR (calculated at 4.2 PLN/EUR) (Prices may fluctuate with larger exchange rate changes)

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number: 7265 TECHNICAL DATA SURFACE PLANER: Gjdpfjrm I T Hex Aftekf - Shaft width: 510 mm - Noise-reducing comb - Shaft guard - Original cast iron tilting fence - Table length: 2060 mm - Both infeed and outfeed tables adjustable - Extraction port diameter: 150 mm THICKNESSER: - Maximum workpiece thickness: 200 mm - Thicknesser shaft guard - Electric height adjustment for planing depth From above: - Anti-kickback fingers - Serrated infeed roller - Pressure bar - Planing cutterblock - Pressure bar - Smooth outfeed roller From below: - 2 adjustable rollers on lower table - 2 feed speeds: 7 / 14 m/min - Extraction port diameter: 150 mm - Brake - Main motor: 4 kW - Dimensions (LxWxH): 2200 x 1400 x 1050 mm - Weight: 1055 kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Germany – Brake – Noise-reducing comb – Electric planing height adjustment – Not repainted – Very good condition, used machine Original photos Start-up video: youtube.com/watch?v=7_aygbppcsY Net price: 16,900 PLN Net price: 4,020 EUR (based on 4.2 PLN/EUR exchange rate) (Prices may change with greater fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7620 TECHNICAL DATA - shaft width: 410 mm Gsdpjwbz Huefx Aftokf - table length: 2220 mm - cast iron tables - both tables adjustable - original cast iron fence - motor approx. 3kW - dimensions (L/W/H): 2220x800x1140 mm - weight: 504 kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – used jointer – in very good condition Net price: 6900 PLN Net price: 1640 EUR based on 4.2 EUR rate (Prices may vary with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7134 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. planing width: 500 mm Gjdjpmtckepfx Aftjkf - Max. planing height: 190 mm Top section: - Anti-kickback fingers - Pulling feed roller, sequential - 2 rows of pressure rollers - Pull-in feed roller, sequential - 500 mm planing cutterhead, 4-knife, 7.5 kW motor - Pressure rollers - Smooth, pulling outfeed roller - Outfeed pressure roller Bottom section: - Adjustable infeed table + pressure roller - Smooth sliding roller - 500 mm planing cutterhead, 4-knife, 5.5 kW motor - 2 smooth sliding rollers - Side pressure roller Rear section: - Side spindles: 1) Right vertical 140 mm, 4 kW 2) Left vertical 140 mm, 4 kW - Spindle diameter: 40 mm - Spindles adjustable up/down, right/left - Stepless feed speed adjustment: 8–30 m/min - Electric table lifting - Extraction port diameters: 2x145 mm, 2x160 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2050 x 1700 x 1700 mm - Weight: 2100 kg FEATURES – Ideal for flooring production – Electric table lifting – Czech manufacture – Used planer, in very good condition Net price: 37,900 PLN Net price: 9,020 EUR (based on EUR rate 4.2) (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7186 TECHNICAL DATA - Max. planing width: 510 mm - Max. planing height, double-sided: 170 mm - Max. planing height, four-sided: 100 mm *Top section: - Infeed roller, toothed - Kickback fingers - Feed roller, toothed - Pressure bar - Planing shaft 510 mm, 4-knife (equipped with 2 knives) 4 kW - Outfeed roller, smooth *Bottom section: - Guide rail - Sliding roller – adjustable table with up/down roller - Planing shaft 510 mm, 2-knife 4 kW - 2 smooth, sliding, adjustable rollers *Rear section: - 2 side spindles + pressure unit - 1) right vertical 100 mm 2.35 kW - 2) left vertical 100 mm 2.35 kW - Spindle diameter: 35 mm - Spindles adjustable up/down, right/left Gjdpfx Aoqcvc Ieftjkf - Manual thickness adjustment - 4 feed speed options - Feed motor 1.5 kW - Overall dimensions (L/W/H): 1940 x 1320 x 1140 mm - Weight: 1330 kg ADVANTAGES – Ideal for processing beams, flooring, etc. – Manufactured by the German brand KUPFERMUHLE – Used planer, very good condition Net price: 32,900 PLN Net price: 7,830 EUR Net price calculated at an exchange rate of 4.2 PLN/EUR (In case of significant exchange rate fluctuations, the price may change)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7573 Technical data: Gsdpfxov H A Tzo Aftskf - Shaft width: 640 mm - Number of knives: 4 pcs - Max thickness of machined element: 270 mm - Top section: - Safety pawls - Toothed infeed shaft, driven - Hold-downs - Planing shaft - Hold-downs - Outfeed smooth shaft, driven - Bottom section: - Adjustable rollers in lower table: 2 pcs - Main motor: 7.5 kW - Electric table lifting – lifting motor: 0.75 kW - 2 feed speeds – feed motor: 1.1 kW - Suction outlet diameter: 160 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1150x1240x1170 mm - Weight: 1073 kg ADVANTAGES: – Polish manufacture – Electric table height adjustment – Operating documentation (DTR) – Used thickness planer, in very good condition Net price: 26,900 PLN Net price: 6,400 EUR (depending on 4.2 EUR rate) (Prices may vary with higher fluctuations)

Condition: new, Catalogue No. S0336 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Surface planer table length: 1800 mm - Working width: 410 mm - Working height: 225 mm - Spindle speed: 4500 RPM - Number of knives: 4 pcs Gjdpfxofrn Hhs Aftskf - Spindle diameter: 100 mm - Motor power S1: 4/5.6 kW - Voltage: 400 V - Dimensions (L/W/H): 1900/800/1300 mm - Weight: 495 kg Four-knife cutterblock ensures precise machining, High-grade construction and finish, Foldable planer tables to the rear—do not limit thicknesser functionality, Table made of grey cast iron with ground surface, Adjustable thicknessing rollers for optimal workpiece feed, Sturdy tiltable fence adjustable from 90° to 45°, Precisely mounted reversing knife spindle, Thicknesser table with central column guidance and stabilizer, Space-saving side-mounted profile fence. Scope of delivery: – Knives (installed), – Heavy profile fence, – Two rollers in the lower thicknesser table Optional equipment: – Horizontal borer, – Spare knives 410 x 25 x 3.0 mm Net price: 15,700 PLN Net price: 3,710 EUR (based on exchange rate 4.2 EUR) (Prices may vary due to significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOG NUMBER 7616 Gksdpfowbdn Usx Aftof TECHNICAL DATA - Shaft width: 510 mm - 4-knife shaft - Table length: 2640 mm - Shaft guard - Cast iron tables - Both tables adjustable - Original cast iron fence adjustable for angle - Motor: 4 kW - Extraction port diameter: 160 mm - Dimensions (L/W/H): 2640x1000x980 mm - Weight: 970 kg ADVANTAGES – German manufacture – Not repainted – Long tables – Used jointer – Very good condition Net price: 9900 PLN Net price: 2350 EUR at an exchange rate of 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)