Used Horizontal Cold Header for sale (7,977)

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2025, functionality: fully functional, Horizontal thin-cutting band saw 300 mm working width, tillable 12 degrees Lodpfx Aozdphvobnsac New 2025 model with bigger wheels and inverters on wheels. 80 mm blade width Touchscreen Schneider, PLC and Inverters Schneider Germany 22.0 KW saw motor Bigger wheels for higher cutting speed Frequency controllers on the wheels for adjustable cutting speed. For slats from 2 mm * same as new *

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2017, functionality: fully functional, Technical details grinding length 600 mm grinding width 300 mm workpiece height - mm total power requirement 7 kW weight of the machine ca. 2,7 t dimensions of the machine ca. 2800x2200x1890 mm Additional information Work area • Travelling distance X-axis: 765 mm • Travelling distance Y-axis: 340 mm • Table dimensions: 300 x 630 mm • Scale ring division Y-axis: 0.02 mm Lodpfx Aezd Ty Nebneac • Scale ring division Z-axis: 0.005 mm • Autom. transverse infeed: 0.1-8 mm • Autom. vertical infeed: 0.005-0.05 mm Drive unit ratings • Motor rating main drive: 5.5 kW • Motor rating servo-drive: 0.5 kW Dimensions and weights • Total weight: 2,700 kg • Dimensions: 800 x 2200 x 1890 mm • Grinding wheel dimensions: 350 x 40 x 127 mm Accessories: 2-axis position display Knuth Xpos 3.1 Grinding wheel, Grinding wheel flange, Balancing arbor, Balancing stand, Halogen work light, Magnetic chuck 600 x 300 mm Leveling screws, Operating tools, Instruction manual

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, total height: 1,750 mm, total length: 2,790 mm, total width: 1,570 mm, Empty weight: 4.300 kg - Year: 2006 - Documentation available: Yes - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: GN08201038G - Drive system: CNC - Control system brand: Fanuc - Control system type: 0i-Mate TO - Power [kW]: 15.0 - Swing over bed [mm]: 250 - Distance between centres [mm]: 460 - Spindle bore [mm]: 62 - Max. spindle speed [rpm]: 4500 - Options: Removable bed Laedpfxowfpaqj Abnoc - Swing over removable bed [mm]: 460 - Transport dimensions: 2790mm x 1570mm x 1750mm (l x w x h) - Transport weight [kg]: 4300kg - Transport packages [pcs.]: 2 Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Lukas van Rossum

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1997, - Year: 1997 - Documentation available: Yes - CE marking present: Yes - CE certificate present: No - Serial number: 270 - Drive system: Teach-in - Centre height [mm]: 210 - Swing over bed [mm]: 420 - Distance between centres [mm]: 900 - Spindle bore [mm]: 55 - Min. spindle speed [rpm]: 4 - Max. spindle speed [rpm]: 3000 - Options: Digital readout - Type of digital readout: Weiler - Control: CNC Laedpfjwnh I Sex Abnoc Financial information VAT: The price shown is exclusive of VAT VAT/margin: VAT deductible for entrepreneurs Delivery and trade-in always possible for everything in the industrial sectors Lukas van Rossum

Year of construction: 1971, condition: used, Schenk ZHF horizontal screen filter tank with approx. 10 m² filter area Additional title: Horizontal screen filter Capacity approx.: 40 hl/h depending on the application Content: 620 l Max. pressure: 5 bar Ljdpfx Abozgc Hdjnoac Max. Temp.: 100 °C Material: stainless steel Position: free standing Base construction: Vertical cylindrical vessel with pipe feet and horizontal drive shaft Features: Level indicator with stand hose, removable tank lid, safety valve, base frame Electric motor and deflection for shaft drive

Condition: excellent (used), CATALOGUE NUMBER 7908 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Ledpfxey Tw Tzj Abneac - Tool diameter, Wescott chuck 0-20mm - Max hole depth 155mm - Max milling length 250mm - Drill unit adjustment front/back, right/left + angle - Table adjustment up/down - Table swivel angle 0-45˚ - Working table dimensions 600x320mm - Four-point head 16-22-25-32mm - Material clamps 2 pcs - Motor power 2.2kW - Dimensions (L/W/H) 1050x800x1250mm - Weight 200kg ADVANTAGES – German-made – Very good condition – Eccentric clamps, 2 pcs – Not repainted – Used drilling machine Net price: 6,500 PLN Net price: 1,550 EUR based on rate 4.2 EUR (Prices may change with significant fluctuations)

Year of construction: 2026, condition: new, The 2000L horizontal ribbon mixer is equipped with a special ribbon agitator located in the center of the tank along its entire length. The entire machine is made of 304 stainless steel. - Capacity: 2000L - Motor: 7.5kW, 3-phase, 50Hz - Machine weight: 850kg Laodpfxsy Ew Tfo Abnsc - Dimensions: (L 2880 x W 1200 x H 2200mm) -we offer mixers from 200L to 3500L The mixer's interior and ribbon itself are polished to a high gloss, significantly simplifying and accelerating mixing, as well as facilitating cleaning after use. These mixers are used for mixing bulk, liquid, or semi-liquid materials. Primarily used in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and construction industries.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, x-travel 500 mm y-travel 560 mm z-travel 500 mm Control Matsuura G-Tech 30i max. turning speeds 20.000 min/-1 number of tool places 210 Pos. total power requirement 52 kW Lodpfjyigalex Abnoac In our assessment, the machine is in good used condition and can be inspected under power by appointment. Technical features: - 5-pallet changer - new spindle including ceramic ball bearings - new spindle cooler Accessories, tools, and clamping devices shown are only included if specifically stated in the additional information. Technical data and specifications are subject to change without notice. Prior sale is reserved.

Condition: excellent (used), CTS Temperature Shock Test Chamber TSS-70/350-A Device Data Manufacturer: CTS GmbH Type: TSS-70/350-A Year of Manufacture: 10/2017 Design: Temperature Shock Test Chamber Refrigeration Unit: Water-cooled Description Used temperature shock test chamber from CTS. Suitable for shock and cycle temperature tests. Application in industry, research, and quality assurance. Application Areas Material testing Aging tests Electronics and component tests Temperature shock tests Automotive and quality control Temperature Ranges Hot chamber: +50 °C to +220 °C Cold chamber: -70 °C to +100 °C Electrical Data 400 V / 3/N / 50 Hz Power: 19.8 kW Current: 46.5 A Connection: CEE 63A Refrigeration System Pre-cooling: R452A, 7.2 kg Cooling stage: R23, 2.8 kg CO₂ equivalent: 15.41 t / 41.59 t Water-cooled Pressure / Protection PS: 25 bar PT: 27.5 bar IP 54 Equipment Touchscreen control Microprocessor control Program operation Setpoint/actual value display (digital) 2-zone system Mobile frame for quick changeover Viewing window Integrated control cabinet Cooling water connections Technical Design Lajdpoy H Hk Aofx Abnsc Separate hot and cold chambers Stainless steel test chamber Industrial design Dimensions Dimensions: External dimensions (H x W x D): approx. 2450 x 2160 x 2200 mm Internal dimensions (H x W x D): approx. 610 x 850 x 680 mm Weight: approx. 2500 kg Documentation Declaration of Conformity Test certificates Operating manual Wiring diagram and piping diagram Spare parts list Service before delivery (optional) Functional test Refrigerant service Leak test Test run with protocol Condition Used. Optical condition, see pictures. Scope of Delivery Test chamber TSS-70/350-A Documentation (if available) Inspection possible by arrangement. Loading and transport can be arranged on request. Subject to change and prior sale. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1999, x-travel 1.000 mm y-travel 800 mm z-travel 800 mm Control Siemens Sinumerik weight approx. 19.500 kg In our assessment, the machine is in good used condition and can be inspected under power by appointment. Lodpjzdvcgjfx Abnjac Accessories, as well as the tools and clamping devices shown in the images, are included in the scope of delivery only if explicitly noted in the additional information. Subject to changes, errors in technical data and specifications, and prior sale!

Condition: used, Horizontal tank, insulated, jacketed Lodpox Ttnnsfx Abnsac Brand: Limitech Denmark, Type A3111-1906 Capacity: 1,500 L, 2 identical units Insulated, jacketed, manhole at top Stainless steel tank AISI 304 Cooking tank with robust horizontal agitator Special cooking vessel Motor with gearbox 4 kW, jacket rated for 4 bar pressure, max. temperature 100°C

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2007, travel distance X-axis: 750 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 750 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 725 mm, CNC control Sinumerik 840D NC-rotary table B-axis Lasdeq Ui Hqspfx Abnsc automatic tool changer for 320 tools pallet changing device, 2 pallets 500 mm x 500mm coolant through spindle device IKZ (80 bar) chip conveyor coolant device Technische Daten / technical details: X-Weg längs / X-travel longitudinal 750 mm Y-Weg senkrecht / Y-travel vertical 750 mm Z-Weg quer / Z-travel cross 725 mm B-Achse / B-axis 360 ° Spindelaufnahme / spindle taper HSK 63A Drehzahlbereich Spindel / spindle speed 50-10000 Upm /rpm Werkzeugplätze / tool places in changer 320 Vorschub / infeed 60000 mm/min Eilgang / rapid feed 60 m/min Antriebsleistung Spindel 40/100% ED / drive capacity spindle 40/100%ED 37/24 kW Gewicht der Maschine ca. / weight ca. 15000 kg Technische Daten, Zubehör und Beschreibung der Maschine sind unverbindlich - Technical data, accessories and description of the machine are not binding.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, operating hours: 9,000 h, functionality: fully functional, travel distance X-axis: 2,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,500 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,250 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 30 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 30 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 30 m/min, Travel distances X=2000 mm, Y=1500 mm, Z=1250 mm - Siemens 840 DsL CNC control - NC rotary table for 4-sided machining, 1250 mm x 1250 mm Laodpfx Aozfg Nyebnjc - Horizontal spindle HSK100 - Spindle: 2500 rpm, HSK 100, 2200 Nm spindle torque - Approx. 9,500 spindle hours - Tool changer system HSK 100 / 40 stations - Chip conveyor - Internal/external air blow-off device - Minimum quantity lubrication for dry machining of castings - Full enclosure - Large interference circle 2300 mm - Double pallet changer - Short delivery time, subject to prior sale - Year of construction: 2010 Coolant supply available as an option - ICS 60 bar for deep hole machining

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2011, Control Siemens Sinumerik 840D sl centre height 1.150 mm z-axis 1.559 / 307 mm x-axis 16 - 80 mm Swing circle diameter 92 mm roll spindle turning speed range 0 - 3.000 U/min Rolling mill roll clearance - axial 0,025 mm feed speeds infinitely variable 0 - 30.000 mm/min Ljdpfxszdk Iks Abnoac rapid traverse 30.000 mm/min Swivel angle range ±3,2 ° Max. speed - main spindle 375 U/min piston stroke 400 mm diameter of piston 90 mm with effective piston area 63,6 cm² In our assessment, the machine is in good used condition and can be inspected under power by appointment. Accessories, as well as the tools and clamping devices shown in the images, are included in the scope of delivery only if explicitly noted in the additional information. Subject to changes, errors in technical data and specifications, and prior sale!

Condition: excellent (used), For sale: a robust horizontal milling machine from the renowned manufacturer VEB Heckert Auerbach (GDR), model FW 250x1000. The machine is in very good condition, complete, fully operational, and ready for immediate use. ✔ Technical specifications: Laodpfxsw Uab Ne Abnjc • Model: FW 250x1000 • Year of manufacture: 1979 • Manufacturer: VEB Werkzeugmaschinenfabrik Auerbach, Fritz Heckert Combine • Weight: approx. 1,700 kg • Worktable: 250 × 1000 mm, T-slots • Spindle speed range: 630 – 1,800 rpm • Power supply: 3x380 V / 50 Hz • Motor power: 5.8 kW • Control voltage: 220 V • Rated current: 16 A, fuse protection: 25 A • Mechanical and automatic feeds in axes ✔ Equipment included: • Heavy-duty machine vice on the table • Work light • Coolant system • Complete control panel with setting wheels and feed controls ✔ Advantages: • Very stable, heavy-duty design (1.7 t) – ideal for precise and repeatable machining • Renowned manufacturer – Heckert (GDR), known for indestructible machines • Functional and complete – ready to work immediately • 1000 mm table – enables machining of larger components This is a reliable machine, not a cheap, lightweight Chinese construction – just classic engineering from an era when equipment was built to last.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1966, I sell a circular saw made in Germany. Company Eisele model vms II in good condition Laedjvbwfnspfx Abnjc

Condition: excellent (used), Catalogue number 7689 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - Tool diameter: 16mm Laodpfxezfppij Abnjc - Maximum drilling depth: 160mm - Maximum milling length: 160mm - Adjustment of drilling unit: forward/backward, up/down and sideways - Working table dimensions: 600x320mm - Material clamping system - Motor power: 2.2kW - Dimensions (L/W/H): 950x740x1330mm - Weight: 283kg ADVANTAGES – Made in Poland – Very good condition – Used drilling machine Net price: 6300 PLN Net price: 1500 EUR (depending on the exchange rate of 4.2 EUR) (Prices may change with significant exchange rate fluctuations)

Condition: good (used), Capacities: Capacity 360 mm diameter , Rectangular 704 x 360 mm at 90 degrees or 340 mm diameter , Rectangular 400 mm x 340 mm at 45 degrees. Laedpfx Aoig T Abobnoc Input 415/3/50 4kw approx. Speeds 20-120 meters per min. Swivel frame 0-45 degrees. Vice opens 710 mm. Measuring Head. Infeed / Outfeed powered rollers. Infeed / Outfeed Cross transfers

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2017, capacity 90 degrees: round 120 mm capacity 90 degrees: square 105 mm capacity 90 degrees: flat 180x70 mm 110 mm 95 mm 135x60 mm Lsdpfey Ruvbex Abnjac 120 mm 100 mm 135x60 mm 180 mm dimensions of saw-blade 350x32x3,4 mm turning speeds 1700/3400 U/min weight of the machine ca. 600 kg

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2023, Exhibition machine Garbsen HORIZONTAL PANEL SAW GABBIANI P Manufacturer: SCM Type: GABBIANI P80 Year of manufacture: 2023 1 unit MAIN FEATURES INDIVIDUALLY SELECTABLE AIR CUSHION TABLES: AN INDISPENSABLE TOOL SIDE SAFETY DEVICES: MORE SPACE FOR WORKING FLOATING GRIPPERS: GUARANTEED PERFECT CUT TECHNICAL DATA GENERAL INFORMATION gabbiani p80 Saw blade projection mm 80 Working table height mm 950 Standard number of grippers 5 Number of grippers for versions 33/38/43 9 / 10 / 10 Number of grippers for versions 33/38/43 with FlexCut 1 unit (single gripper with double fingers included) 10 / 11 / 11 CUTTING DIMENSIONS Version 33 mm 3300x2100 Version 33 (Opt.) mm 3300x3200 Version 38 mm 3800x3200 Version 38 (Opt.) mm 3800x3800 Version 43 mm 4300x3200 Version 43 (Opt.) mm 4300x4300 AXIS SPEED Variable saw carriage speed m/min 6 – 60 Variable pusher speed () m/min 60 MAIN SAW BLADE Motor power (S6 -40%) - 50hz (star-delta start) kW (HP) 7 (9) (11) Speed – 50 hz rpm 4650 Saw blade diameter mm 340 Shaft diameter main saw blade mm 80 SCORING BLADE Motor power (S6 -40%) - 50hz kW (HP) 1.5 (2) Speed – 50 hz rpm 5850 Scoring blade diameter mm 200 Shaft diameter scoring blade mm 80 INSTALLATION Installed power kW 12÷15 Base machine voltage Euro voltage (400 V / 50 hz) Compressed air demand NL/min 300 Required compressed air pressure bar 7 Extraction air requirement m3/h 2440 Extraction air speed m/sec 20 Extraction port diameter mm 4x120 () Note: in countries where EU standards apply, the forward pusher feed speed is limited to 25 m/min. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Fully automatic, PC/PLC-controlled horizontal panel saw suitable for cutting solid wood, MDF, chipboard, plywood, and similar materials. Frame and working table – Machine frame is a steel tube construction – Working table of rib-reinforced steel with Bakelite coating – Longitudinal fence on the left side Saw carriage made of steel, consisting of: – a motor for the main saw blade and a motor for the scoring blade – vertical lifting of the saw blade on linear ball bearing guides and shoes – running rollers of hardened and ground steel – balanced mass distribution for optimal cut quality – running direction towards the longitudinal fence – saw carriage drive via rack and pinion – carriage travel on cylinder guides – cylinder guides of hardened and ground steel (5-year warranty), protected by special dust wipers – pneumatic switch for fast and safe main and scoring blade change Pressure beam – pressure beam with uniform pressure across the entire cut length, recesses to prevent collision with grippers; pneumatic height adjustment via high-precision rack and pinion, pressure adjustable from 1.5 to 6 bar – dual extraction system with one unit above the pressure beam for cleaning the work table and one unit below on the saw carriage – side automatic aligner with pneumatic cylinder over the entire length. Sliding on linear ball bearing guides and shoes. * Travel distance: 1200 mm * minimum working width: 60 mm * maximum working width: 1200 mm Positioning pusher and rear part of the machine – Positioning pusher full length, powered by a robust drive shaft. Positioning pusher control... Lodpfx Abex Twcvjneac

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1995, x-travel 600 mm y-travel 560 mm z-travel 560 mm Control SIEMENS 840 C total power requirement 12 kW Lajdpfx Abet Hw R Ronsc weight of the machine ca. 10000 kg dimensions of the machine ca. m

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1992, max. wheel diameter 150 mm gear width 300 mm max. module 4,5 min. module Ljdpfx Ajt Hwxbsbneac total power requirement 20 kW weight of the machine ca. 6 t dimensions of the machine ca. m

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1985, max. wheel diameter 80 mm gear width 150 mm max. module 2,5 min. module total power requirement 10 kW weight of the machine ca. 2400 kg M I K R O N (Switzerland) Fully Automatic Gear Hobber for Worm Gears Model A 33 / 1 Year 1985 Ser.-No. 14.06/14.07/14.15 _____ max. gear- without feed magazine approx. 80 mm max. gear- with feed magazine approx. 50 mm Module max. 2, / 2,5 Axial milling length approx. 150 mm max. workpiece-mounting length approx. 200 mm Milling slide can be swivelled up to 90 degrees Milling cutter - 24 - 50/63 mm Ledpfet Hw D Rex Abneac Max. radial distance of milling slide 0-14/18 mm Milling cutter adjustment max. 25 mm Milling cutter speed 212 - 2.000 rpm Axial feed range infinitely adjustable 0,05 - 4,0 mm/workpiece rotation radial infinitely adjustable 0,2 - 200 mm/min. Milling spindle drive 3 kW Total electrical load approx. 10 kW - 50 Hz - 380 Volt Weight approx. 2.400 kg Accessories/Special Features: " Fully automatic operation cycle and minimum idle times due to programmable SIEMENS Program Controls S 5 for all machining steps i.e. rapid gear, feed, milling cutter on/off for the loading device, tailstock, possibly shifting, etc. with unit counter, program numbering including 30 different numeric error displays Pneumatic workpiece-loading and unloading facility parallel to work piece axis upright for rod workpieces approx. 140 mm long x 8 mm , including pneumatic double gripper for loading and unloading of work pieces. Raw parts are inserted into change cassettes externally and then placed into the loading device. The double gripper places the parts between workpiece spindle and tailstock, the tailstock spindle sleeve pushes the parts in the main spindle collet and clamps them simultaneously. The finished parts are ejected from the main spindle, then placed back again into the finished parts cassette by the gripper. The whole process is electrically monitored and checked. The complete loading facility is encased by plexiglass. " Hydraulic work piece clamping device including collets and hydraulic ejector " separate cooling system with magnetic separator * separate hydraulic system * various change gears This machine is set up for worm gears/armature shafts that can be used for adjustable car seats, window lifters, etc.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1987, rolling capacity max. NA t workpiece diameter 38 mm workpiece length 500 mm total power requirement 24 kW weight of the machine ca. 10 t dimensions of the machine ca. m Max.Ø tool slide stroke 760 mm Max.Ø rack length 610 mm Length of workpiece between centres, approx. 500 mm Max. tooth width / profile width 92 mm Max. workpiece Ø 38 mm Tailstock stroke on outboard support, hydraulic, approx. 500 mm Module range 0.3 - 1.3 Ledpfjt Hw D Djx Abnjac Total electrical load, approx. 24 kW - 380 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 10,000 kg Accessories / Special Features * KBH Workpiece Feed Device, standing parallel to the machine, at present set-up for feed-in and feed-out of shaft-formed workpieces, approx. Ø 16 x 200 mm long, with prism conveyor belt and lifting station for 2 shafts (blank and finished part), as well as workpiece positioning control. * Originally, external gears were formed on the machine using pinion cages (no. of teeth = 25), Ø approx. 32 mm x 14 mm long, workpiece Ø approx. 80 x 80 mm long. * Various accessories: * Separate switch cabinet. * Separate hydraulic unit, 900 l. * Coolant device in the machine. * Control panel with malfunction message in plaintext, etc. Roto Flo machines are ideal for mass production of smaller gears/profiles. The coldforming process is a lot faster and more economical than other chip removing methods. Workpieces are clamped between 2 live centres and 2 synchronous opposed directional coldforming racks simultaneously engage the workpart and start rotation. During rotation, the profile is formed successively within one stroke. In the calibrating zone, the profiling and surfacing performance of the tool are optimised. Profiles do not require a run-out. The coldforming process requires a rigid and heavy duty construction of the machine, which ensures the required precision over the years. Between 25,000 and 100,000 working cycles can be performed with one set of racks, also for serrations. Condition : Very good. Machine can be inspected under power. Delivery : Ex stock, as inspected. Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract. Thank you for your interest. We always have a good selection of gear machines available. Please let us know what you need.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1999, x-travel 800 mm y-travel 630 mm z-travel 560 mm total power requirement 60 kW weight of the machine ca. 12.5 t dimensions of the machine ca. m H E L L E R (Germany) 5 Axis - CNC Controlled Horizontal Machining Centre Model FST- MC 160 / 800 / E Year 1998 Laodpfxst Hwrhe Abnec Only approx. 500 hours in operation _____ Working range: Longitudinal stroke X axis 800 mm Vertical stroke Y axis 630 mm Cross stroke Z axis 560 mm NC rotary table Tilting A axis 180 ° Turning B axis 360 ° Size of pallet, approx. 250 x 620 mm Tool holder HSK 63A Spindle speeds, infinitely variable 63 - 20,000 rpm Feeds / quick feeds XYZ 1 - 70,000 mm/min Spindle drive 24 kW Total electrical load, approx. 60 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 12,500 kg Accessories / Special Features * 5-Axis SIEMENS CNC Path Control, Model SINUMERIC 840 D, allows working operation on 5 sides. * Workpiece handling system: Workpiece is mounted on a pallet outside the machine and is transported via a conveyor into a lifting/turning device, which brings the workpiece onto the table, where it is automatically clamped and machined. * 40-position tool magazine with tool replacement door, and laser-operated tool breakage control. * Internal high pressure coolant supply, 50 bar. * Coolant preparation unit with filter and temperature control. * Oil mist exhaust. * Separate cooling aggregate for motor spindle and switch cabinet. * CO² fire extinguisher. * Chip conveyor. * Complete covers for the working area. Machine comes from the design department of an car manufacturer and was only used for trials. The new price in 1998 was approx. 1.3 million DM (EUR 650,000.00). The machine is very suitable for medium-sized production series. Ideal for aluminium.