Used Universal Machine for sale (65,352)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2002, operating hours: 22,347 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 190347, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,600 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, table load: 10,000 kg, controller model: Heidenhain TNC 430 B, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS 6 axes (X, Y, Z, table C, swivel head A, B) Travel range X-axis: 3,000 mm Travel range Y-axis: 1,600 mm Travel range Z-axis: 1,500 mm Table size (2x): 2,000 x 2,000 mm Table load: 10 t Spindle speeds: 60 - 3,600 rpm Spindle mounting: ISO 50 MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain TNC 430 B digital Number of controlled axes: 6 Milling drive: 28 kW Total power consumption: 48 kW Dimensions & Weight Space requirement: approx. 6.5 x 3 x 3 m Machine weight: approx. 47 t Program runtime: 22,347 h Cjdpfx Aszku Sgjarorf EQUIPMENT Integrated coolant supply (ICS) 40-position automatic tool changer Chip conveyor High-speed spindle (30,000 rpm) 2 pallets

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2000, operating hours: 25,616 h, functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: 184640, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,400 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,500 mm, table load: 10,000 kg, controller model: Heidenhain TNC 430 B, No minimum price – guaranteed sale to the highest bidder! TECHNICAL DETAILS Travel in X-axis: 3,000 mm Travel in Y-axis: 1,400 mm Travel in Z-axis: 1,500 mm Table size: 3,200 x 1,100 mm Table load: 10 t Spindle speeds: 60 - 4,000 rpm Spindle mounting: ISO 50 MACHINE DETAILS Control system: Heidenhain TNC 430 B digital Milling drive: 22 kW Total power consumption: 50 kW Dimensions & Weight Space requirement: approx. 6.5 x 3 x 3 m Machine weight: approx. 22 t Crsdjzku R Aspfx Aarsf Program run time: 25,616 h Machine operating hours: 53,291 h Control system operating hours: 55,029 h EQUIPMENT 20-position automatic tool changer Milling head automatically swivels and rotates in 1.5° increments Chip conveyor Adaptable high-speed spindle (30,000 rpm) Mist coolant system

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 1969, x-travel 700 / 710 mm y-travel 275 mm z-travel 350 mm taper in main spindle ISA 40 table surface area 900 x 250 mm T-slots 3 x 18 x 60 Stk. turning speeds 32.0 - 2000 U/min feed stepless 15 - 750 mm/min voltage 400 V total power requirement 4.0 kW weight of the machine ca. 1400 kg range L-W-H 1000 x 1400 x 1800 mm from a training workshop (vocational school) Features: - Robust, electric-motor-driven universal milling machine Cedpfx Aaszkbnzorjrf - With horizontal and vertical main spindles * Vertical main spindle can be swiveled 360° in two planes - Sturdy T-slot clamping table with 18 mm T-slots - Electric feed control - Stepless speed adjustment - Swiveling machine light - Control cabinet, installed on the right - Original operating instructions Machine data sheet

Year of construction: 1994, condition: excellent (used), Dear customers, we are currently offering a universal milling machine for model and mold making, manufactured by Zimmermann. Here are the technical specifications of the machine: Work table: 750 x 500 mm Longitudinal travel: 810 mm Transverse travel: 315 mm Milling height: 0 - 470 mm T-slots: 6 x 14 mm Spindle speeds: 56 - 4,500 rpm Tool holder: ISO40 / SK40 - Digital display with Heidenhain scales - Motorized vertical adjustment of the table Space requirement: 2,000 x 2,500 x 2,400 mm Weight: 2,400 kg !! Condition and scope: see pictures !! Price plus VAT, which will be shown separately on the invoice. Worldwide transport is possible for an additional fee! Codpfjzlibfex Aarerf If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us.

Condition: used, condition Defekt/Ersatzteilträger manufacture Mikron type HSM 400 U The machine is defective and is being sold for spare parts. Accessories, tools, and clamping devices shown are only included if explicitly stated in the additional information. Technical data and specifications are subject to change without notice. Codpfxjyzt A Ue Aarsrf Prior sale is reserved.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, x-travel 750 mm y-travel 660 mm z-travel 650 mm Control Siemens spindle tunring speed 12.000 U/min tool taper HSK 63 The machine was used for machining aluminum and, in our assessment, is in good used condition. It can be inspected under power by appointment. Technical features & accessories: Csdpfx Aajyrt A Ierjrf - Twin spindle - 5-axis - Pallet changer Accessories, tools, and clamping devices shown are only included if explicitly stated in the additional information. Technical data and specifications are subject to change without notice. Prior sale is reserved.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, x-travel 500 mm y-travel 700 mm z-travel 500 mm A-axis 240 (-120/+120) ° C-Axis 360 ° control Siemens 840 D faceplate diameter 440 mm T-slot - width 14 mm T-slot - distance 75 mm max. table load 400 kg max. turning speeds 20.000 min/-1 tool taper HSK 63 A workpiece length 330 mm tool diameter 125 mm change-time chip to chip 4,5 sec weight of the machine ca. 10,5 t dimensions of the machine ca. 2,5 x 5,2 x 3,5 m In our assessment, the machine is in good used condition and can be inspected under power by appointment. Accessories: - Kuka KR200-3 comp Robot Three identical machines are available. Cjdpfx Aasxq R E Njrorf Accessories, as well as the tools and clamping devices shown in the images, are included in the scope of delivery only if explicitly noted in the additional information. Subject to changes, errors in technical data and specifications, and prior sale!

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2018, 0 40 kW air pressure 5 bar range L-W-H 2850 x 2470 x 2290 mm weight 7.000 kg External grinding, internal grinding, hard turning, measurement DVS UGrind – Incredibly impressive. – Efficient complete machining with grinding, turning and measuring tools on a single multifunctional head – Ideal for small to medium batch sizes of shafts and chuck components with a centre-to-centre distance of up to 1,200 mm – Machine bed made of natural granite for high dynamic and thermal rigidity – Consistently precise machining results thanks to a hydrostatically supported tailstock – Faster achievement of targetdimensions thanks to the intuitive DVS UCee operating system – Footprint of just 7 or 8.5 m²,including coolant system. --> BUDERUS, Type: U-Grind 800 --> Control system: Bosch Rexroth MTX, IndraControl L45.1, 15" display --> Centre distance: 1.200 mm --> Max. outer diameter: 350 mm --> Max. workpiece weight between centres: 50 kg - Cross slide: X-axis - --> max. travel: 500 mm --> max. speed: 30 m/min --> resolution: 0.1 µm - Longitudinal slide: Z-axis - --> max. travel: 800 mm --> max. speed: 30 m/min --> Resolution: 0.0005 – 0.1 mm - Multifunction head (B-axis) - --> Swivel range: -45° to +225° --> Swivel time for 180°: Positioning accuracy: 0.0002° --> Repeatability: 1" --> Resolution: 0.001° - External machining - --> Max. machining length: 750 mm --> Peripheral speed: 50 corundum / 80 CBN --> Drive power: 15 kW --> Max. wheel dimensions: Ø400 x 50 x 152.4 mm - Internal machining - --> Max. bore diameter: 250 mm --> Max. bore depth: 235 mm --> Drive power S1: 1.8 – 7.5 --> Speed range: 30.000 to 50.000 rpm - Workpiece spindle C-axis - --> Max. speed: 1.500 rpm --> Drive power: 1.8 kW --> Drive torque: 90 Nm --> Measuring system resolution: 0.001° --> Roundness accuracy: 0.8 µm --> Positioning accuracy: 0.0001° - Tailstock - --> Quill stroke: 50/80 mm --> Quill diameter: 60 mm --> Bearing: hydrostatic --> Fine adjustment for cylindricity corrections: ±40 µm - 3-point centre - --> Clamping range: Ø20 – Ø150 mm --> Coarse adjustment: 40 µm --> Fine adjustment: 2 µm --> Feed rate: infinitely variable Highlights: > Complete machining in a single set-up. Turn whatever can be turned; grind Crodpfx Aasyrhnrjrof whatever needs grinding. > Short set-up times, quick to programme – a machine that’s a pleasure to work with and gets the job done quickly. > Intuitive and ergonomic: good accessibility, crane loading, intuitive operation via touchscreen and ready-made programme modules. > Compact footprint thanks to integrated coolant treatment > Optional automation solutions: with our ULoad or a customised solution, for example from rbc robotics, the DVS UGrind can also operate fully automatically.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2018, 0 40 kW air pressure 5 bar range L-W-H 2850 x 2470 x 2290 mm weight 7.000 kg External grinding, internal grinding, hard turning, measurement DVS UGrind – Incredibly impressive. – Efficient complete machining with grinding, turning and measuring tools on a single multifunctional head – Ideal for small to medium batch sizes of shafts and chuck components with a centre-to-centre distance of up to 1,200 mm – Machine bed made of natural granite for high dynamic and thermal rigidity – Consistently precise machining results thanks to a hydrostatically supported tailstock – Faster achievement of targetdimensions thanks to the intuitive DVS UCee operating system – Footprint of just 7 or 8.5 m²,including coolant system. --> BUDERUS, Type: U-Grind 800 --> Control system: Bosch Rexroth MTX, IndraControl L45.1, 15" display --> Centre distance: 1.200 mm --> Max. outer diameter: 350 mm --> Max. workpiece weight between centres: 50 kg - Cross slide: X-axis - --> max. travel: 500 mm --> max. speed: 30 m/min --> resolution: 0.1 µm - Longitudinal slide: Z-axis - --> max. travel: 800 mm --> max. speed: 30 m/min --> Resolution: 0.0005 – 0.1 mm - Multifunction head (B-axis) - --> Swivel range: -45° to +225° --> Swivel time for 180°: Positioning accuracy: 0.0002° --> Repeatability: 1" Crjdjyrhnfspfx Aarsf --> Resolution: 0.001° - External machining - --> Max. machining length: 750 mm --> Peripheral speed: 50 corundum / 80 CBN --> Drive power: 15 kW --> Max. wheel dimensions: Ø400 x 50 x 152.4 mm - Internal machining - --> Max. bore diameter: 250 mm --> Max. bore depth: 235 mm --> Drive power S1: 1.8 – 7.5 --> Speed range: 30.000 to 50.000 rpm - Workpiece spindle C-axis - --> Max. speed: 1.500 rpm --> Drive power: 1.8 kW --> Drive torque: 90 Nm --> Measuring system resolution: 0.001° --> Roundness accuracy: 0.8 µm --> Positioning accuracy: 0.0001° - Tailstock - --> Quill stroke: 50/80 mm --> Quill diameter: 60 mm --> Bearing: hydrostatic --> Fine adjustment for cylindricity corrections: ±40 µm - 3-point centre - --> Clamping range: Ø20 – Ø150 mm --> Coarse adjustment: 40 µm --> Fine adjustment: 2 µm --> Feed rate: infinitely variable Highlights: > Complete machining in a single set-up. Turn whatever can be turned; grind whatever needs grinding. > Short set-up times, quick to programme – a machine that’s a pleasure to work with and gets the job done quickly. > Intuitive and ergonomic: good accessibility, crane loading, intuitive operation via touchscreen and ready-made programme modules. > Compact footprint thanks to integrated coolant treatment > Optional automation solutions: with our ULoad or a customised solution, for example from rbc robotics, the DVS UGrind can also operate fully automatically.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2006, Parts shown by hand not come. Csdpfx Aezk U Unsarorf Machine is in good working condition.

Condition: used, machine/vehicle number: 499, Universelle Stanzmaschine - Universal Punching machine SKAG SP347Serial-No. SP347 Online-Video-Inspection by Skype-Video We would be very pleased with your visit - more machines on Stock Crjdpfx Aeh Axmbsarsf Available Immediately - Can be inspect On Stock Emskirchen / Nürnberg - Can be test

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2008, travel distance X-axis: 3,000 mm, travel distance Y-axis: 1,500 mm, travel distance Z-axis: 1,400 mm, rapid traverse X-axis: 30 m/min, rapid traverse Y-axis: 30 m/min, rapid traverse Z-axis: 30 m/min, HDC3000 with 6 axes • Travel distances X=3000 mm, Y=1500 mm, Z=1400 mm • Heidenhain TNC 530 with handwheel • NC rotary table for 5-sided machining, 1250 mm x 1600 mm Credpfx Ajzlurioarof • 2-axis NC universal drilling and milling head, full simultaneous and positioning operation • Spindle 10,000 rpm, HSK100, S1=220 Nm spindle torque • Tool changer system HSK100 / 60 positions – for tools up to 800 mm length • Chip conveyor • Optimized for 5-sided machining including deep-hole drilling • Coolant supply system • Internal/external air blow-off device • ICS 60 bar for deep hole drilling • Fully enclosed machine • Large interference circle 2800 mm • Includes washing gun • Short delivery time, subject to prior sale

Year of construction: 2025, condition: new, machine/vehicle number: H3000-H5000TM, Universal Testing Machine H3000TM-H5000TM according to DIN EN ISO 7500 The H3000TM-H5000TM series universal testing machine is a single-spindle machine with a robust design made of aluminum and V2a, featuring ball screws, ball bushing guides, and a toothed belt drive. The bellows cover protects the spindle and guides. The testing machine is microprocessor-controlled and has a foil keyboard. A 2-line LCD display shows the force and displacement. The testing machine can be used as a standalone unit or connected to a PC via a USB interface. The displacement measurement is performed using an encoder with a visible resolution of 0.01 mm on the LCD (internally 0.0001 mm). The machine is manufactured with a standard load cell: 0.03% linearity and the corresponding calibration. Optionally, a second channel can be added for a second force transducer or a displacement sensor. The universal testing machine is manufactured with two different travel distances, 500 mm or 1200 mm (without load cell and testing tool). Further scope of supply: A load cell up to the nominal load, 220-volt cable, USB cable, description, CE declaration of conformity. Further information can be found in the attached description. Force transducer 3000N-5000N Measuring range: 5-5000N tensile and compressive, with nom. 2mV/V Output signal, overload protection: +/- 1000%, linearity: +/- 0.05%, hysteresis: +/- 0.03%, repeatability: +/- 0.02%, with, incl. 1.5m connection cable incl. calibration certificate. Long-travel extensometer HE 900mm measuring path, measuring arms motorized, including electronics. Accuracy class Class 1 from 1mm travel according to DIN EN ISO 9513 Csdjiq Hxkspfx Aarerf Measuring principle optically incremental Measuring path 900 mm, less the measuring length Display error 6 µm or 2 % Resolution 1 µm Actuation force 10 cN Standard initial device measuring length (Lo) 10-100 mm, in 5 mm steps Lo setting is done manually Measuring arms Opening and closing are motorized Specimen diameter 0-30 mm Specimen thickness 0-30 mm Specimen width 0-100 mm Weight approx. 32 kg Scope of supply Extensometer complete with electronics Cutting, round: 1 set of hard metal / rubber Wear parts Measuring blades optional rectangular blades CAUTION: When using optional blades, a readjustment of the Lo stop is required.

Year of construction: 2025, operating hours: 4 h, condition: as good as new (ex-display), functionality: fully functional, machine/vehicle number: H2,5TMNI, Universal testing machine H 2,5 TMNI L Please always send your mail address. mechanical construction: Single spindle universal testing machine with backlash-free ball screw in C-frame design with spindle protection and brushless drive motor, Fmax = 2.5 kN 1 working chamber up to nominal load: Working chamber depth: 105 mm max. test stroke without test tools, adapter and KMZ: 1375 mm max. test area height (between lower fixed and moving crosshead) without test tools, adapter and KMZ: 1375 mm Travel speeds: Test speed 0.005 - 1200 mm/min up to nominal load return speed 1200 mm/min Force measurement: Measuring range depending on the force sensor used 0.4 - 100 % of the nominal load class 1 (optionally class 0.5) according to DIN EN ISO 7500-1 and ASTM E4. Resolution of the force measurement depending on the integration time between: +/-160,000 and +/-900,000 digits. Cedpfsmdn Trox Aarorf The machine is delivered with a factory test certificate. If, at the customer's request, a factory or DAkkS calibration is to be carried out at the installation site, this expense must be invoiced separately. Crosshead travel measurement: Incremental rectangular input with encoder monitoring, storage of crosshead position. Resolution of the crosshead travel measurement:

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2010, x-travel 400 mm y-travel 300 mm z-travel 400 mm total power requirement 3,6 kW weight of the machine ca. 1,3 t Csdpfx Aov T Np Nsarsrf

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1998, x-travel 800 mm Codpfx Asx Dndcjarorf y-travel 600 mm z-travel 500 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1965, x-travel 1000 mm y-travel 600 mm Csdpfx Aswqrw Njarorf total power requirement 2,5 kW

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1990, x-travel 400 mm y-travel 330 mm z-travel 350 mm total power requirement 6,3 kW Cjdpfx Aaet Hxbwsrsrf weight of the machine ca. 2 t dimensions of the machine ca. 736 m

Condition: used, x-travel 500 mm y-travel 400 mm z-travel 400 mm Q U O T A T I O N We are pleased to offer you ex our stock, subject to prior sale, and error in technical data : DECKEL MAHO CNC Universal Milling Machine model DMU 50 M year 1998 Working range: Longitudinal stroke X Axis 500 mm Vertical stroke Z Axis 400 mm Cross stroke Y Axis 400 mm C-axis – table turning, manual 360 ° B-axis – table swivelling, manual ° Table area Ø 700 x 500 mm Inclination range of table (manually) + / - ° Rotation of table (manually) 360 ° Max. Table load approx. 200 kg Csdpfev Td Elsx Aarsrf Maximum distance table – spindle nose 550 mm horizontal distance machine – spindle nose 2 – 6 mm Tool holder Taper ISO 40 Spindle speeds 20 – 4,500 rpm Feed rate max. 5.000 mm/min AC main drive, 0% / 40% power-on time approx. 9 / 13 kW Total electrical load, approx. 15 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 3,000 kg Accessories / Special Features • 3 Axis HEIDENHAIN Point to Point Control Model TNC 124 with Monitor, direct programming and input of data and electronic handwheels. • All 3 axis are operated by the milling head, the table is stationary so also out of proportion workpieces can be machined. • Rotary Table can be manually rotated 360° and manually inclined + / -° (each with clamping). The digital read-out of the angles is integrated in the CNC control • Simple coolant unit with pump and tank, built-on switch cabinet (SIEMENS parts) • Pneumatic tool claomping, Some tool holders available, manuals, CE-Certificate, etc. Condition : very good condition ! Ideal for training center or single parts machining ! Please click here to view a video of the machine running : ! Delivery : immediately available, FCA Metzingen Payment : 0 % Net, after conclusion of contract, before loading We always have a large selection of milling machines - CNC or conventional - available. Please let us know your requirements.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1983, x-travel 450 mm Crsdpfx Asxdnplsaref y-travel 200 mm z-travel 465 mm total power requirement 2,6 kW weight of the machine ca. 1.2 t

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2006, x-travel 320 mm y-travel 240 mm z-travel 300 mm total power requirement 3 kW weight of the machine ca. 1 t Crjdpswp S Sdofx Aarjf

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 1996, x-travel 800 mm y-travel 600 mm Crsdoy Tyznspfx Aarsf z-travel 500 mm

Condition: used, x-travel 600 mm y-travel 400 mm Cjdpjwqrxmofx Aarorf z-travel 500 mm total power requirement 6 kW

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1991, x-travel 1200 mm y-travel 600 mm z-travel 600 mm total power requirement 25 kW weight of the machine ca. 11,5 t M A H O (Germany) CNC Controlled Bed Type Universal Machining Centre Model MH 1200 S (120012) Year 1991 * Partially reconditioned in Year 2007 by MMD Company _____ Table travel: X axis, longitudinal 1,200 mm Y axis, vertical 600 mm Spindle head Z axis, cross 600 mm Rotary Table size 1,000 x 800 mm Distance between spindle and column, max. 900 mm Spindle taper SK 40 Spindle speeds (infinitely variable in 2 steps) 20 – 6,300 rpm Max. weight of workpiece 1,000 kg Feeds / quick feeds, X, Y and Z Axes 1 – 4,000 / 12,000 mm/min Feeds / quick feeds, B Axis 1 – 1,500° / 10 rpm Spindle drive 15 kW Total electrical load, approx. 25 kW - 380 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 11,500 kg Dimensions of machine 2.75 x 5.10 x height 2.90 / 3.40 m Accessories / Special Features: * MAHO Continuous Path Control, Model CNC 432, for 5 axes, with colour Crodst Hwqwepfx Aarjf monitor, graphics, and all the usual subprograms and cycles. Mobile manual control unit with RS 232 Interface Entry for external data communication. * CNC rotary table (B Axis) in conjunction with the CNC Controlled swivelling milling head allows machining in 5 axes, Resolution 360.000 ° * Vertical, rotating milling head with hydraulic tool clamping. * Horizontal milling spindle with hydraulic tool clamping. * CNC controlled tool changer with 36 positions. Tool life supervision and tool breakage supervision. With RENISHAW Measuring Probe. * Separate coolant device (no internal coolant supply) * Complete covered working area with sliding doors. * Chip conveyor. Oil cooler for the hydraulic system. Condition : Very good. Can be inspected under Power here in our stock. This is a very stable machine suitable for heavy cuts. It was partially reconditioned in 2007 by MMD Company: geometrically measured, and mechanic and electrics were tested - a beautiful machine for the “ Conaisseur”. Delivery : Ex stock, as inspected. Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2000, grinding diameter 360 mm grinding length 1600 mm centre height 180 mm internal diameter 0 mm grinding depth 0 mm swing diameter 0 mm total power requirement 40 kW weight of the machine ca. 10000 kg dimensions of the machine ca. m K A R S T E N S (Germany) Universal “CNC” - Cylindrical Internal and Face Grinding Machine also for grinding excentric and cam profiles and polygons and even suitable for Threadgrinding Model K 51 – 1500 Year 2000 Serial No. 99 093 Height of centres 180 mm Distance between centres / grinding length 1,700/1.600 mm Cylindrical Grinding: Grinding Ø, approx. 5 - 360 mm Grinding wheel: Ø x width x bore 500 x 100 x 127 mm Grinding spindle speeds (35 m/s / 50 m/s) 1.900 / 2.200 rpm Drives of cyl./int/face spindle units 7.5/4,0/7,5 kW Grinding Wheelhead: 3 Positions = B-Axis Head swivels in 3 positions = 240 ° / 17,5 degree X-axis adjustment in total 360 mm Increments for infeed 0,001 – 125 mm Workpiece wheelhead = C-Axis Spindle speeds steplessly adjustable 10 – 1.000 rpm Spindle taper / Spindle bore MK 4 / 24 mm Table speeds 0,01 – 10.000 mm/min Crodjt Hw Rdspfx Aarsf Total electrical load 40 kW - 400 V - 50 Hz Weight, approx. 10,000 kg Accessories / Special Features: * Very versatile CNC Grinding Machine for almost all grinding purposes like External/Internal and Face grinding as well as for Excentric- / Cam- / Polygone Grinding and even for Thread Grinding * Free programmable CNC System make BWO Model 900 C with many grinding cycles and for easy input of the work-parameters. Graphic support, any many more features. * 3 position wheelhead with 3 Grinding spindles as B-Axis, one with measuring feeler (Z - Position) * MOVOMATIC Measuring Device Model ES 400 for diameter control, Probe head CR 60, to be mounted on table. * MPM Automatic Grinding wheel balancing Device, Dressing devices with diamantflees mounted on table surface and also motorized Diamantroll Profile dresser on table (for thread profiles, etc.) * Workhead and tailstock can be easily moved on table by air cushion. Hydraulic quill on tailstock. * No Coolant Device available ! Condition : Good to very good. Machine can be inspected under power. Delivery : Ex stock as inspected. Payment : Net, after conclusion of contract.