Used Sack Vacuum Press for sale (15,279)

Condition: ready for operation (used), Year of construction: 2026, Kaiser Press 50 -Exhibition machine / 0 operating hours -Electro-hydraulic drive -Operation: foot pedals and push buttons on the control panel -Maximum pressing force: 50 tons -Power consumption: 0.75 kW -Voltage: 230 V -Frame width: 930 mm -Maximum frame width including hand crank and electrical unit: 1300 mm -Overall height: 1900 mm -Cylinder stroke: 145 mm plus 60 mm threaded spindle -Usable width – working area inside: max. 750 mm -Usable height – working area: 0 mm to 780 mm -Frame depth: 220 mm -Overall depth with base: 535 mm (can be fastened to the floor) -Support depth of the height-adjustable work table (crossbeam): 245 mm -Crossbeam adjustable in 6 positions (hole spacing: 140 mm) -Height adjustment of the crossbeam via hand crank (no manual lifting required) -Hydraulic unit can be moved laterally: 300 mm (ball-bearing mounted in the upper guide area) -Includes 8 punches with integrated holder: -2t with Ø9.8 mm -3t with Ø11.7 mm -6t with Ø15.7 mm -8t with Ø17.7 mm -10t with Ø19.8 mm -12t with Ø21.8 mm Bedpsztfbwjfx Aknswu -13t with Ø24.8 mm -15t with Ø30 mm -Welded construction -Includes work light to illuminate the working area -Pressure gauge with pressure display -2 prism supports included -Automatic piston retraction -Integrated tool tray in the lower area of the press Dimensions: L x W x H 0.9 x 0.3 x 1.9 meters / Weight 255 kg Errors and omissions excepted.

Condition: used, mileage: 149,965 km, power: 132 kW (179.47 HP), first registration: 11/2002, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 6,230 kg, maximum load weight: 3,770 kg, overall weight: 10,000 kg, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 3,000 mm, next inspection (TÜV): 10/2026, brakes: engine braking, color: orange, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: none, number of seats: 3, operating hours: 2,533 h, Equipment: ABS, cabin, compressed air brake, cruise control, differential lock, immobilizer system, power assisted steering, * German vehicle * First owner * Documentation and service books available * Original: only 2,533 operating hours * Original: 149,965 km * Condition: see photos * Previously owned by a municipality * Müller Jetmaster F30V * High-pressure flushing vehicle for sewage and rainwater channels * 3,000-liter water tank * 3-plunger high-pressure pump Uraca KD 606-G * 138 liters/min capacity * 100 bar working pressure * 30 kW * Hose reel, hydraulically extendable and rotatable * Additional high-pressure hose lance * Control panel at the rear, left side * Work lights * Rotating beacon * Cab with 3 seats * Parking heater Eberspächer, type D8LC * Leaf spring - air suspension + raise/lower function * Driver's seat: air-suspended comfort seat * 6-speed manual transmission * Differential lock Bwjdpfx Ajzac Rkjknju * Cruise control * Electric engine brake * Electric mirrors * Radio * Wheelbase 3,000 mm * Gross vehicle weight 10,000 kg * Unladen weight 6,230 kg * Payload 3,770 kg * Self-propelled working machine, allowing free movement in all environmental zones If a new TÜV inspection is desired, we will gladly provide you with a quote from our partner workshops. Our offer generally does not include a new TÜV inspection, a new DGUV inspection, a new SP inspection, or a new UVV inspection. You can find more trucks on our website at: We speak the following languages: German, English, Polish, Turkish Note: We strongly recommend and offer a viewing and inspection of the goods so that the buyer does not have any false ideas about the condition and suitability. Viewings and inspections are possible and expressly desired at any time by appointment. All information is without guarantee. We are not liable for errors and incorrect information in the offer. The buyer is obliged to independently verify the condition and equipment of the goods/vehicles. Subject to change, prior sale and errors.

Condition: new, pressure 1,5 kN stroke 40 mm Bwodpfx Aksfv Av Dsnsu throat 70 mm Working height from to 75 - 170 mm table surface area 115 x 70 mm weight of the machine ca. 11 Kg dimensions 115 x 175 x 290 mm Hand presses with rack HZ 150 The power is transmitted via a rack and pinion construction. she finds their use where during the working process a constant pressure is needed. Precisely manufactured, spindle hardened and ground, unlimited service life Long spindle guide, optimal pressure performance, T-slot according to DIN 650 milled in the middle, sliding blocks fit exactly.

Condition: new, pressure 4,5 kN stroke 40 mm throat 95 mm Working height from to 95 - 240 mm table surface area 160 x 110 mm spindle diameter 25 mm weight of the machine ca. 24 Kg dimensions 160 x 230 mm Direct-acting pneumatic presses bring the full pressure performance over the entire stroke length. You will above all used when long-stroke parts are machined with constant force Bsdpfx Aofv Av Seknswu Need to become. Convincing technology • Long and precise spindle guide for maximum dimensional accuracy • Hardened and ground piston rod for practically unlimited service life • Double-acting cylinders with end position cushioning on both sides • Double guide rings in the piston, constant and quiet running • Oil resistant sealing elements Special features of the PND series • Spindle secured against twisting • Spindle return on the PND 85/S only via a cylinder chamber additional air savings • Easy, quick and precise working height adjustment in 2 steps: – Basic setting by simply loosening the clamping screws on the stand – Precision fine adjustment via the stroke limiting ring on the piston rod Additional benefit: Faster cycle time and air savings

Condition: used, mileage: 223,143 km, power: 180 kW (244.73 HP), first registration: 03/2003, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 7,125 kg, maximum load weight: 7,375 kg, overall weight: 14,500 kg, axle configuration: 4x4, brakes: engine braking, driver cabin: other, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro3, suspension: steel, number of seats: 3, Equipment: all wheel drive, * German vehicle * 1st hand * Condition - see pictures * Special high-pressure cleaning and winter road maintenance * for the professional cleaning of gullies * Premium body manufacturer Assmann * Type 5.0/ 258 * High-pressure cleaning system * Pratissoli EKL 30 high-pressure pump * 120 bar working pressure * Rear reel with pressure hose * Hydraulic emptying receptacle * Tiltable 5,000 liter tank * Winch 300 pick-up crane * Cable remote control * Capacity: 300 kg * Load arm length: 90 to 145 cm * Rotation range: 360 * Detachable swap body * Complete documentation available * Küpper white pre-wetted salt spreader * Type STA 95 * 3m³ capacity plus pre-wetted salt tanks left+right * Hinged spreader cover * Spreader can be folded up * Working lights * High-mounted headlights Bjdpsvhpm Rofx Aknjwu * Cab with 3 seats * Air-suspended comfort seat * Differential lock * Electric windows * rotating beacons * Roof hatch * Wheelbase 3.70 m * GVW 14,500 kg. * Unladen weight 7,375 kg. * Payload 7,125 kg. If new TÜV approval is required, we will be happy to provide you with a quote from our partner workshops. Our offer is generally WITHOUT new TÜV approval, without new DGUV, without new SP, without new UVV. You can find more trucks on our homepage at We speak the following languages: German, English, Polish, Turkish Note: We offer and strongly recommend a viewing and inspection of the goods to ensure that the buyer has no misconceptions about the condition and suitability of the goods. Inspections and tests are possible at any time by appointment and are expressly desired. All information is without guarantee. No liability is accepted for errors and incorrect information in the offer. The buyer is obliged to independently check the condition and equipment of the goods/vehicles. Subject to alterations, prior sale and errors excepted. - .

Condition: used, Dimensions: approximately 2500 x 1200 x 600 mm, semi-hydraulic, with electro-motorized adjustment of the press wall. Bwjdpfezd Hm Nox Aknsu Storage location: Nattheim.

Condition: used, mileage: 314,438 km, power: 177 kW (240.65 HP), first registration: 06/2007, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 10,990 kg, maximum load weight: 3,010 kg, overall weight: 14,000 kg, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 5,000 mm, brakes: engine braking, driver cabin: other, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro4, number of seats: 2, loading space length: 7,500 mm, loading space width: 2,450 mm, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, cabin, compressor, crane, cruise control, differential lock, parking heater, trailer coupling, * German vehicle * Condition: see photos * Trenchless sewer rehabilitation system * High and low-pressure compressors * Gardner Denver compressor VS 11 * For rehabilitating sewers of any diameter * Using, for example, Reline Alphaliner liners or liners from any other manufacturer * Liner installation * Leakage tests * Powered by a Köhler SDMO 88 KV/A diesel generator * Type J88K * Soundproofed * Water-cooled diesel engine * 180-liter diesel tank * 2 pairs of rehabilitation liners * Electric winch for liner insertion with remote control * Soundproofed work area * Auxiliary heater * Shelving and drawer installation * Mounted on a Volvo FL-240 * Internal dimensions: 7,500 mm x 2,450 mm x 2,400 mm * Wheelbase: 5.0 m * Unladen weight: 10,990 kg * Payload: 3,010 kg * Self-propelled work machine * Fully equipped workshop If a new TÜV inspection is desired, we will gladly provide you with an offer from our partner workshops. Bwodpfxozmal De Aknsu Our offer generally does NOT include a new TÜV inspection, a new DGUV certificate, a new safety report (SP), or a new UVV certificate. You can find more trucks on our website at: We speak the following languages: German, English, Polish, Turkish. Note: We strongly recommend and offer the possibility of inspecting and examining the goods so that the buyer does not have any false expectations regarding the condition and suitability. Inspections and examinations are possible at any time by appointment and are expressly desired. All information is provided without warranty. We are not liable for errors or incorrect information in the offer. The buyer is obliged to independently verify the condition and equipment of the goods/vehicles. Subject to changes, prior sale and errors.

Condition: used, mileage: 126,497 km, power: 338 kW (459.55 HP), first registration: 04/2002, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 18,850 kg, maximum load weight: 7,150 kg, overall weight: 26,000 kg, axle configuration: 6x2, wheelbase: 4,100 mm, brakes: engine braking, color: orange, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: none, suspension: steel-air, number of seats: 3, Equipment: ABS, additional headlights, cabin, differential lock, power assisted steering, seat heater, * German vehicle * 1st owner * Documentation available * Only 126,497 km original mileage * Operating hours: 16,385 * Condition: see photos * 6x4 Hydrodrive * Assmann high-pressure flushing and suction body with water recycling system, type 229 P-WRG IV Bwjdpfjy Dhz Rsx Aknou * 8-speed manual transmission * Water recycling system – The wastewater collected from the sewer is processed through multiple cleaning stages so that it can be recirculated to the high-pressure pump for further sewer cleaning. * Combination boom – The rear combination boom arm allows both the suction hose and the sewer cleaning hose to be handled and guided via the boom arm. * High-pressure cleaner – This unique system enables joint operation and positioning of both hoses, eliminating the need for a rear-mounted high-pressure hose reel. * High-pressure hose reel * Radio remote control * Pneumatic discharge piston – The discharge piston is used for emptying and separating the tank into water and sludge chambers. * Tank volume 7,700 liters – Chamber one: 1,300 liters, chamber two: 6,400 liters * Wittig vacuum pump * Rear steerable lift axle * Air suspension, raise and lower * Differential lock * Power steering * Seat heating * Electric windows * Air suspension seat * Rotating beacons * Roof hatch * ABS * Additional headlights * CB radio * Heated exterior mirrors * Radio CD * Permissible total weight: 26,000 kg * Unladen weight: 18,850 kg * Payload: 7,150 kg * Self-propelled working machine, unrestricted access to all low-emission zones If a new TÜV inspection is desired, we will be happy to provide you with an offer from one of our partner workshops. Our offer is generally WITHOUT new TÜV inspection, without new DGUV, without new SP, and without new UVV documents. You will find more trucks on our website at We speak the following languages: German, English, Polish, Turkish Note: We offer and strongly recommend an inspection and evaluation of the equipment, so that the buyer does not have any misunderstandings concerning the condition and suitability. Inspections and tests are possible at any time by appointment and are expressly encouraged. All details are given without guarantee. We do not accept liability for errors or incorrect information in the listing. The buyer is obliged to verify the condition and equipment of the machines/vehicles personally. Subject to changes, prior sale, and errors.

Condition: used, mileage: 255,135 km, power: 184 kW (250.17 HP), first registration: 09/2015, fuel type: diesel, empty load weight: 7,325 kg, maximum load weight: 8,175 kg, overall weight: 15,500 kg, axle configuration: 4x2, wheelbase: 5,900 mm, next inspection (TÜV): 10/2025, brakes: engine braking, color: white, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: mechanical, emission class: euro6, number of seats: 2, Equipment: ABS, air conditioning, cabin, central locking, immobilizer system, onboard computer, power assisted steering, soot filter, traction control, * German vehicle * 1st owner * Only 255,135 kilometers original * Condition see photos * Waste suction vehicle * Body manufacturer Leitikow / Veenhuis * Tank 8,000 liters * Vacuum pump MEC 8000/M * Maximum delivery rate 8,100 L/min * Maximum speed 600 rpm * Maximum operating pressure 2.5 bar * Maximum vacuum -0.94 bar * Power requirement at max. pressure 27 kW / 36 HP * Power requirement at max. vacuum 16 kW / 22 HP * Hose connection 80 mm * Rear suction nozzle * Galvanized steel tank * Hose boxes left and right * Air conditioning * Leaf/air suspension + lifting/lowering * Comfort driver's seat, air-suspended * Differential lock * Engine brake * ABS and ASR * Electric windows * Electrically heated mirrors * Wheelbase 4,900 mm * Gross weight 15,500 kg * Unladen weight 7,325 kg * Payload 8,175 kg Bjdowqrpxopfx Aknswu * When sold to commercial traders and for export (non-EU and EU), German business rules apply. If a new technical inspection (TÜV) is required, we are happy to offer you a quote from our partner workshops. Our offer is generally WITHOUT new TÜV inspection, without new DGUV, without new SP, without new UVV. More trucks can be found on our homepage at We speak the following languages: German, English, Polish, Turkish Note: We offer and strongly recommend a viewing and inspection of the goods, so that no misconceptions arise for the buyer about the condition and suitability. Viewing and inspection are possible at any time by appointment and are expressly desired. All information provided without guarantee. No liability is accepted for errors or incorrect information in the offer. The buyer is obliged to independently verify the condition and equipment of the goods/vehicles. Subject to changes, interim sale, and errors. - .

Condition: good (used), functionality: fully functional, input voltage: 230 V, input current: 11 A, For sale is a high-quality RINGLER industrial vacuum cleaner, type RI 332 W2E-M, in a robust industrial design. This vacuum cleaner is ideal for professional use in workshops, CNC manufacturing, metal and wood processing, and many other industrial sectors. It is suitable for both vacuuming dust, chips, and dirt, as well as for collecting liquids, making it versatile. Technical data: Bedpfxjz Ht D Re Aknowu * Manufacturer: RINGLER * Type: RI 332 W2E-M * Connection: 230 V / 50 Hz * Power: 2.6 kW * Current consumption: 11.8 A * Protection class: IP44 * Motor speed: 15,000 rpm Inspection and functional testing are possible by appointment. Shipping is possible. Note: This is a commercial sale. The stated price includes statutory value-added tax (VAT). You will, of course, receive an invoice with VAT shown. Subject to prior sale, errors, and changes.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1989, BESSER paving block machine - VIBROBLOCK Year: 1989 Pallet dimensions: 1450x1100mm. Bjdpfx Akoz H Ib Donewu 5 molds for paving blocks. Specially equipped for color production, with 3 hoppers for the main mixture and 1 hopper for the facing mixture. Double Power Trainer 40 ft container for controlling the mixers. 2 elevators with a height of 26 ft. 1 pallet truck. Belt conveyor for double paving blocks. Device for loosening the stones. Set of feeders for the line, entry for wooden pallets. 2 mixers for mixtures with a container, 3000/2500, mixer 750 / 0.5m3 ltr. Concrete bucket for the BESSER machine with a rail. Operational condition.

Year of construction: 2026, condition: like new (used), functionality: fully functional, Rent Your Vacuum Solution Facing a work peak or a temporary challenge in your operations? From industrial vacuum cleaners to vacuum loaders, available to rent for the long or short term — safe, easy and flexible. Rolba SuperCombi Equipped to handle most missions, the Rolba SuperCombi offers greater potential for full capacity utilisation and profitability. It's a strong choice for anyone seeking a flexible, versatile work vehicle. Rental Regions: Bwsdsz Hwb Topfx Aknju Blekinge, Dalarna, Gotland, Gävleborg, Halland, Jämtland, Jönköping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Norrbotten, Skåne, Stockholm City and County, Södermanland, Uppsala, Värmland, Västerbotten, Västernorrland, Västmanland, Västra Götaland, Örebro, Östergötland Rental Details Price per day: Price on request Price per week: Price on request Price per month: Price on request We do not operate in Bolivia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, or the United States.

Condition: excellent (used), Year of construction: 2000, HESS rack trolley, lifting and extending platform, year of manufacture 2000 Bedsxmu Elspfx Aknswu

Condition: used, Year of construction: 2018, pressing force: 80 t, filling opening width: 1,040 mm, filling opening length: 1,110 mm, bale length: 1,200 mm, bale width: 1,120 mm, bale height: 1,120 mm, bale weight: 600 kg, total width: 1,830 mm, total height: 2,620 mm, total length: 4,200 mm, type of input current: three-phase, input voltage: 400 V, input current: 32 A, overall weight: 8,000 kg, input frequency: 50 Hz, DIXI 80 SLD Horizontal Baler – Year of Manufacture 2018 Used, fully functional DIXI 80 SLD horizontal baler for the economical compaction of cardboard, paper, and comparable recyclable materials. Technical data: Manufacturer: DIXI Model: 80 SLD Year of manufacture: 2018 Pressing force: 80 t Drive power: 11 kW Connection: 400 V / 32 A Bwsdpfx Akez Hqwbenou Feed opening: approx. 1,040 x 1,110 mm Bale size: approx. 1,120 x 1,120 x 1,200 mm Bale weight: approx. 500–600 kg, depending on the material Press cycle: approx. 35 seconds Throughput: up to approx. 1,000 kg/h, depending on the material Machine weight: approx. 8,000 kg Machine dimensions: approx. 4,200 x 1,830 x 2,620 mm (L x W x H) The machine is in used, fully functional condition. All information is provided without warranty. Subject to prior sale.

Condition: new, Year of construction: 2026, pressure 150 t throat 300 mm stroke 400 mm dayligth 600 mm table surface area 1000 x 600 mm Control Siemens S7 hole in the table 0 mm ram surface 1000 x 600 mm working feed 5 - 15 mm/sec Bwsdoyfwxtjpfx Akneu speed down 130 mm/sek speed up 180 mm/sek power requirement 18 kW weight of the machine ca. 12,0 t dimensions 2,4 x 1,9 x 3,5 m Single-column press with - Hardened and chrome-plated cylinder - Main cylinder diameter 270 mm - Auxiliary cylinder diameter 70 mm - Bosch Rextroth pump, valves, and filters - Hydraulic overload valve - Hydraulic proportional valve - Siemens touchscreen control panel with remote maintenance access Settings for stroke, pressure, speed, and dwell time - Category 4 sensors and photoelectric sensor - Two-hand control panel with reset and emergency stop buttons - CE marking

Condition: excellent (used), mileage: 460,151 km, power: 265 kW (360.30 HP), first registration: 08/2010, fuel type: diesel, axle configuration: 6x2, wheelbase: 4,700 mm, fuel: diesel, color: yellow, driver cabin: day cab, gearing type: automatic, number of gears: 12, emission class: euro5, suspension: steel-air, number of seats: 2, total length: 9,300 mm, total width: 2,550 mm, total height: 3,800 mm, Year of construction: 2010, Equipment: differential lock, Superstructure Year of manufacture: 2010 Volume: 15 m3 Tank capacity: 1500 liters Scania P360 6x2 Sewer cleaning August 2010 Bsdpfx Aksz Icbbenowu 360 hp EURO 5 15,000 Ltr 1,500 liters of clean water Suction arm Small High-Pressure Pump Vacuum pump missing. = More information = General information Cab: CP16, single Registration number: BX-RS-44 Technical information Number of cylinders: 6 Engine capacity: 12.740 cc Drivetrain Make of engine: Scania Axle configuration Brakes: disc brakes Front axle: Steering; Suspension: leaf suspension Rear axle 1: Double wheels; Differential lock; Suspension: air suspension Rear axle 2: Lift axle; Steering; Suspension: air suspension Weights Empty weight: 16.995 kg Carrying capacity: 11.005 kg GVW: 28.000 kg Functional Water tank: Yes Maintenance, history and condition APK (MOT): tested until 06/2027 Technical condition: very good Visual appearance: very good = Dealer information = For more photos see: Why you buy from Thomas Trucks? That choice is simple. Thomas Trucks is one of the independent trading companies worldwide in the field of used commercial vehicles. Here you can choose from an ever-changing stock of second hand trucks, tractors, trailers and trailers. Our offer includes all European brands, construction years and price ranges. Here you will always find a good vehicle for the right price! Thomas Trucks always has: - Sharp prices - Good service - Spacious, rapidly changing stock - Known quality - Decent business - We speak many languages - Accompaniment input and transport - (Export) license plate quickly arranged - Professional technical services - And more. Visit the website: and view our complete range and competitive offers We are open 6 days a week. Do you need help with exporting, importing, or shipping your vehicle? Contact our sales team. Selling your current vehicle to us is also possible. We do our best to display the data as accurately as possible, however no rights can be derived from this data We can also arrange financing for you within the Netherlands.

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1977, machine/vehicle number: 02106040, Model: HVV 16; 16 filling valves. Overhauled in 2013 filling valves: 16 working direction: right-left (CCW) filling system: vacuum filling Bwedpfx Akoz Ia Ilensu

Condition: used, Vacuum drum filter 6m² Bedpfez Iakgjx Aknjwu

Condition: like new (used), Year of construction: 2026, functionality: fully functional, volume flow: 100 m³/h, power: 2.2 kW (2.99 HP), Becker U5.101 rotary vane vacuum pump, oil-lubricated Manufacturer: Becker Type: U5.101 Suction capacity: 100 m³/h Motor power: 2.2 kW Ultimate pressure: 0.1 mbar (abs.) Includes: gas ballast, oil filter Upon request, the vacuum pump can also be delivered ready for operation, including oil filling, pre-filter (paper filter), motor protection, and phase converter. Bsdez Ikvtjpfx Aknewu

Condition: used, loading : 75 to 80 % mobile built-in vacuum pump Bwjdpfxezzadio Aknju 1,22 kW tiltable drum outside dimensions (l x w x h) : ± 1.100 x 850 x 1.600 mm

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1993, Used 3 meter CNC press brake by Safan Bwsdpfx Aoy Nydzeknju Model: CNCL 80 3100 Capacity: 3100 x 80 tons Y1, Y2, and X axes CNC controlled CNC crowning Flat pressure table Year of manufacture: 1993

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 1996, Well-maintained, used press brake from Beyeler / Bystronic. Bwjdpfxjzbhh Rj Aknju Type PR6 150 4100 Capacity: 4100 x 150 tons Cybelec DNC 880S Y1, Y2, X, R, Z1, and Z2 axes CNC controlled Includes a set of tools.

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2008, functionality: fully functional, Well-maintained, used E Brake by Safan Type E Brake 100 3100 Capacity 3100 x 100 tons Y1, Y2, X, R, Z1, and Z2 CNC controlled Manual crowning Hydraulic Wila NS top clamp Bodpfx Akezbhk Eenswu

Condition: good (used), Year of construction: 2012, Used 3-meter CNC press brake from Amada Type: HD 1003 NT Capacity: 3100 x 100 tons Year of manufacture: 2012 Servo-hydraulically controlled AMNC control system X1, X2, R, Z1, and Z2 CNC controlled Bjdpfxjzd S A Nj Aknjwu Akas Fiesller laser safety system

Condition: used, Year of construction: 1992, Used 4-meter CNC press brake from Haco Type: PPES 40200 Bodpfx Aezgt Tzeknjwu Capacity: 4100 x 200 tons FastBend 2D CNC control (refurbished!) 1 set of complete tooling (not visible in the pictures, but included) CNC crowning Euro-style tool clamping system